Installing Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 For Intel x86
---------------------------------------------

Bruce Perens

Sven Rudolph

Igor Grobman

James Treacy

Adam Di Carlo

version 3.0.23, 15 May, 2002

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract
--------

This document contains installation instructions for the Debian
GNU/Linux 3.0 system, for the Intel x86 (``i386'') architecture. It
also contains pointers to more information and information on how to
make the most of your new Debian system. The procedures in this
document are _not_ to be used for users upgrading existing systems; if
you are upgrading, see the Release Notes for Debian 3.0
(http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/i386/release-notes/).

This document may be distributed and modified under the terms of the
GNU General Public License.
(C) 1996 Bruce Perens
(C) 1996, 1997 Sven Rudolph
(C) 1998 Igor Grobman, James Treacy
(C) 1998--2002 Adam Di Carlo

This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version.

This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
_without any warranty_; without even the implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

A copy of the GNU General Public License is available as
`/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL' in the Debian GNU/Linux distribution
or on the World Wide Web at the GNU website
(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html). You can also obtain it by
writing to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite
330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

We require that you properly attribute Debian and the authors of this
document on any materials derived from this document. If you modify
and improve this document, we request that you notify the authors of
this document, via <debian-boot@lists.debian.org>.

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Contents
--------

1. Welcome to Debian
1.1. What is Debian?
1.2. What is GNU/Linux?
1.3. What is Debian GNU/Linux?
1.4. What is Debian GNU/Hurd?
1.5. Getting Debian
1.6. Getting the Newest Version of This Document
1.7. Organization of This Document
1.8. This Document Has Known Problems
1.9. About Copyrights and Software Licenses

2. System Requirements
2.1. Supported Hardware
2.2. Installation Media
2.3. Memory and Disk Space Requirements
2.4. Network Connectivity Hardware
2.5. Peripherals and Other Hardware
2.6. Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux

3. Before Installing Debian GNU/Linux
3.1. Overview of the Installation Process
3.2. Back Up Your Existing Data!
3.3. Information You Will Need
3.4. Planning Use of the System
3.5. Meeting Minimum Hardware Requirements
3.6. Pre-Partitioning for Multi-Boot Systems
3.7. Pre-Installation Hardware and Operating System Setup

4. Obtaining System Installation Media
4.1. Official Debian GNU/Linux CD-ROM Sets
4.2. Downloading Files from Debian Mirrors
4.3. Creating Floppies from Disk Images
4.4. Preparing Files for Hard Disk Booting
4.5. Preparing Files for TFTP Net Booting
4.6. Automatic Installation

5. Booting the Installation System
5.1. Boot Parameter Arguments
5.2. Booting from a CD-ROM
5.3. Booting from Floppies
5.4. Booting From a Hard Disk
5.5. Booting from TFTP
5.6. Troubleshooting the Install Process
5.7. Introduction to `dbootstrap'
5.8. ``Choose The Language''
5.9. ``Release Notes''
5.10. ``Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu''
5.11. ``Configure the Keyboard''
5.12. Last Chance!

6. Partitioning for Debian
6.1. Deciding on Debian Partitions and Sizes
6.2. The Directory Tree
6.3. PC Disk Limitations
6.4. Recommended Partitioning Scheme
6.5. Device Names in Linux
6.6. Debian Partitioning Programs
6.7. ``Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition''
6.8. ``Initialize a Linux Partition''
6.9. ``Mount a Previously-Initialized Partition''
6.10. Mounting Partitions Not Supported by `dbootstrap'

7. Installing the Kernel and Base Operating System
7.1. ``Install Kernel and Driver Modules''
7.2. NFS
7.3. Network
7.4. NFS Root
7.5. ``Configure PCMCIA Support''
7.6. ``Configure Device Driver Modules''
7.7. ``Configure the Network''
7.8. ``Install the Base System''

8. Booting Into Your New Debian System
8.1. ``Make System Bootable''
8.2. The Moment of Truth
8.3. Debian Post-Boot (Base) Configuration
8.4. Configuring your Time Zone
8.5. MD5 Passwords
8.6. Shadow Passwords
8.7. Set the Root Password
8.8. Create an Ordinary User
8.9. Setting Up PPP
8.10. Removing PCMCIA
8.11. Configuring APT
8.12. Package Installation: Simple or Advanced
8.13. Simple Package Selection --- The Task Installer
8.14. Advanced Package Selection with `dselect'
8.15. Prompts During Software Installation
8.16. Log In

9. Next Steps and Where to Go From Here
9.1. If You Are New to Unix
9.2. Shutting Down the System
9.3. Orienting Yourself to Debian
9.4. Reactivating DOS and Windows
9.5. Further Reading and Information
9.6. Compiling a New Kernel

10. Technical Information on the Boot Floppies
10.1. Source Code
10.2. Rescue Floppy
10.3. Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel
10.4. Preloading Existing Modules

11. Appendix
11.1. Further Information
11.2. Obtaining Debian GNU/Linux
11.3. Linux Devices
11.4. Disk Space Needed for Tasks
11.5. Effects of Verbose and Quiet

12. Administrivia
12.1. About This Document
12.2. Contributing to This Document
12.3. Major Contributions
12.4. Trademark Acknowledgement

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1. Welcome to Debian
--------------------

We are delighted that you have decided to try Debian, and are sure
that you will find that Debian's GNU/Linux distribution is unique.
Debian GNU/Linux brings together high-quality free software from
around the world, integrating it into a coherent whole. We believe
that you will find that the result is truly more than the sum of the
parts.

This chapter provides an overview of the Debian Project and Debian
GNU/Linux. If you already know about the Debian Project's history and
the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, feel free to skip to the next
chapter.

1.1. What is Debian?
--------------------

Debian is an all-volunteer organization dedicated to developing free
software and promoting the ideals of the Free Software Foundation.
The Debian Project began in 1993, when Ian Murdock issued an open
invitation to software developers to contribute to a complete and
coherent software distribution based on the relatively new Linux
kernel. That relatively small band of dedicated enthusiasts,
originally funded by the Free Software Foundation
(http://www.fsf.org/fsf/fsf.html) and influenced by the GNU
(http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html) philosophy, has grown
over the years into an organization of around 800 _Debian Developers_.

Debian Developers are involved in a variety of activities, including
Web (http://www.debian.org/) and FTP (ftp://ftp.debian.org/) site
administration, graphic design, legal analysis of software licenses,
writing documentation, and, of course, maintaining software packages.

In the interest of communicating our philosophy and attracting
developers who believe in the principles that Debian stands for, the
Debian Project has published a number of documents that outline our
values and serve as guides to what it means to be a Debian Developer:
* The Debian Social Contract
(http://www.debian.org/social_contract) is a statement of
Debian's commitments to the Free Software Community. Anyone who
agrees to abide to the Social Contract may become a maintainer
(http://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/). Any maintainer can
introduce new software into Debian --- provided that the software
meets our criteria for being free, and the package follows our
quality standards.
* The Debian Free Software Guidelines
(http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines) are a clear
and concise statement of Debian's criteria for free software.
The DFSG is a very influential document in the Free Software
Movement, and was the foundation of the The Open Source
Definition (http://opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.html).
* The Debian Policy Manual
(http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/) is an extensive
specification of the Debian Project's standards of quality.

Debian developers are also involved in a number of other projects;
some specific to Debian, others involving some or all of the Linux
community. Some examples include:
* The Linux Standard Base (http://www.linuxbase.org/) (LSB) is a
project aimed at standardizing the basic GNU/Linux system, which
will enable third-party software and hardware developers to
easily design programs and device drivers for Linux-in-general,
rather than for a specific GNU/Linux distribution.
* The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (http://www.pathname.com/fhs/)
(FHS) is an effort to standardize the layout of the Linux file
system. The FHS will allow software developers to concentrate
their efforts on designing programs, without having to worry
about how the package will be installed in different GNU/Linux
distributions.
* Debian Jr. (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-jr/) is an
internal project, aimed at making sure Debian has something to
offer to our youngest users.

For more general information about Debian, see the Debian FAQ
(http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/).

1.2. What is GNU/Linux?
-----------------------

The GNU Project has developed a comprehensive set of free software
tools for use with Unix(TM) and Unix-like operating systems such as
Linux. These tools enable users to perform tasks ranging from the
mundane (such as copying or removing files from the system) to the
arcane (such as writing and compiling programs or doing sophisticated
editing in a variety of document formats).

An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are
needed by your computer so that it can communicate and receive
instructions from users; read and write data to hard disks, tapes, and
printers; control the use of memory; and run other software. The most
important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux
system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system
consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the
GNU Project. Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working
operating system, we prefer to use the term ``GNU/Linux'' to refer to
systems that many people casually refer to as ``Linux''.

The Linux kernel (http://www.kernel.org/) first appeared in 1991, when
a Finnish computing science student named Linus Torvalds announced an
early version of a replacement kernel for Minix to the Usenet
newsgroup `comp.os.minix'. See Linux International's Linux History
Page (http://www.li.org/linuxhistory.php).

Linus Torvalds continues to coordinate the work of several hundred
developers with the help of a few trusty deputies. An excellent
weekly summary of discussions on the `linux-kernel' mailing list is
Kernel Traffic (http://kt.zork.net/kernel-traffic/). More information
about the `linux-kernel' mailing list can be found on the linux-kernel
mailing list FAQ (http://www.tux.org/lkml/).

1.3. What is Debian GNU/Linux?
------------------------------

The combination of Debian's philosophy and methodology and the GNU
tools, the Linux kernel, and other important free software, form a
unique software distribution called Debian GNU/Linux. This
distribution is made up of a large number of software _packages_.
Each package in the distribution contains executables, scripts,
documentation, and configuration information, and has a _maintainer_
who is primarily responsible for keeping the package up-to-date,
tracking bug reports, and communicating with the upstream author(s) of
the packaged software. Our extremely large user base, combined with
our bug tracking system ensures that problems are found and fixed
quickly.

Debian's attention to detail allows us to produce a high-quality,
stable, and scalable distribution. Installations can be easily
configured to serve many roles, from stripped-down firewalls to
desktop scientific workstations to high-end network servers.

The feature that most distinguishes Debian from other GNU/Linux
distributions is its package management system. These tools give the
administrator of a Debian system complete control over the packages
installed on that system, including the ability to install a single
package or automatically update the entire operating system.
Individual packages can also be protected from being updated. You can
even tell the package management system about software you have
compiled yourself and what dependencies it fulfills.

To protect your system against ``trojan horses'' and other malevolent
software, Debian's servers verify that uploaded packages come from
their registered Debian maintainers. Debian packagers also take great
care to configure their packages in a secure manner. When security
problems in shipped packages do appear, fixes are usually available
very quickly. With Debian's simple update options, security fixes can
be downloaded and installed automatically across the Internet.

The primary, and best, method of getting support for your Debian
GNU/Linux system and communicating with Debian Developers is through
the many mailing lists maintained by the Debian Project (there are
more than 90 at this writing). The easiest way to subscribe to one or
more of these lists is visit Debian's mailing list subscription page
(http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe) and fill out the form
you'll find there.

1.4. What is Debian GNU/Hurd?
-----------------------------

Debian GNU/Hurd is a Debian GNU system that replaces the Linux
monolithic kernel with the GNU Hurd --- a set of servers running on
top of the GNU Mach microkernel. The Hurd is still unfinished, and is
unsuitable for day-to-day use, but work is continuing. The Hurd is
currently only being developed for the i386 architecture, although
ports to other architectures will be made once the system becomes more
stable.

For more information, see the Debian GNU/Hurd ports page
(http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/) and the
<debian-hurd@lists.debian.org> mailing list.

1.5. Getting Debian
-------------------

For information on how to download Debian GNU/Linux from the Internet
or from whom official Debian CDs can be purchased, see the
distribution web page (http://www.debian.org/distrib/). The list of
Debian mirrors (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) contains a full
set of official Debian mirrors.

Debian can be upgraded after installation very easily. The
installation procedure will help setup up the system so that you can
make those upgrades once installation is complete, if need be.

1.6. Getting the Newest Version of This Document
------------------------------------------------

This document is constantly being revised. Be sure to check the
Debian 3.0 pages (http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/) for any
last-minute information about the 3.0 release of the Debian GNU/Linux
system. Updated versions of this installation manual are also
available from the official Install Manual pages
(http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/i386/install).

1.7. Organization of This Document
----------------------------------

This document is meant to serve as a manual for first-time Debian
users. It tries to make as few assumptions as possible about your
level of expertise. However, we do assume that you have a general
understanding of how the hardware in your computer works.

Expert users may also find interesting reference information in this
document, including minimum installation sizes, details about the
hardware supported by the Debian installation system, and so on. We
encourage expert users to jump around in the document.

In general, this manual is arranged in a linear fashion, walking you
through the installation process from start to finish. Here are the
steps in installing Debian GNU/Linux, and the sections of this
document which correlate with each step:

1. Determine whether your hardware meets the requirements for using
the installation system, in Chapter 2, `System Requirements'.

2. Backup your system, perform any necessary planning and hardware
configuration prior to installing Debian, in Chapter 3, `Before
Installing Debian GNU/Linux'. If you are preparing a multi-boot
system, you may need to create partition-able space on your hard
disk for Debian to use.

3. In Chapter 4, `Obtaining System Installation Media', you will
obtain the necessary installation files for your method of
installation.

4. Chapter 5, `Booting the Installation System', describes booting
into the installation system. This chapter also discusses
troubleshooting procedures in case you have problems with this
step.

5. Setting up the Linux partitions for your Debian system is
explained in Chapter 6, `Partitioning for Debian'.

6. Install the kernel and configure peripheral driver modules in
Chapter 7, `Installing the Kernel and Base Operating System'.
Configure your network connection so that remaining installation
files can be obtained directly from a Debian server, if you are
not installing from a CD.

7. Initiate automatic download/install/setup of a minimal working
system in Section 7.8, ```Install the Base System'''.

8. Boot into your newly installed base system and run through some
additional configuration tasks, from Chapter 8, `Booting Into
Your New Debian System'.

9. Install additional software in Section 8.12, `Package
Installation: Simple or Advanced'. Use `tasksel' to install
groups of packages which form a computer `task', `dselect' to
select individual packages from a long list, or `apt-get' to
install individual packages when you already know the package
names you want.

Once you've got your system installed, you can read Chapter 9, `Next
Steps and Where to Go From Here'. That chapter explains where to look
to find more information about Unix and Debian, and how to replace
your kernel. If you want to build your own install system from
source, be sure to read Chapter 10, `Technical Information on the Boot
Floppies'.

Finally, information about this document and how to contribute to it
may be found in Chapter 12, `Administrivia'.

1.8. This Document Has Known Problems
-------------------------------------

This document is still in a rather rough form. It is known to be
incomplete, and probably also contains errors, grammatical problems,
and so forth. If you see the words ``FIXME'' or ``TODO'', you can be
sure we already know that section is not complete. As usual, _caveat
emptor_ (buyer beware). Any help, suggestions, and, especially,
patches, would be greatly appreciated.

Working versions of this document can be found at
http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/i386/install. There you will
find a list of all the different architectures and languages for which
this document is available.

Source is also available publicly; look for more information
concerning how to contribute in Chapter 12, `Administrivia'. We
welcome suggestions, comments, patches, and bug reports (use the
package `boot-floppies', but check first to see if the problem is
already reported).

1.9. About Copyrights and Software Licenses
-------------------------------------------

We're sure that you've read some of the licenses that come with most
commercial software --- they usually say that you can only use one
copy of the software on a single computer. The Debian GNU/Linux
system's license isn't like that at all. We encourage you to put a
copy of Debian GNU/Linux on every computer in your school or place of
business. Lend your installation media to your friends and help them
install it on their computers! You can even make thousands of copies
and _sell_ them --- albeit with a few restrictions. Your freedom to
install and use the system comes directly from Debian being based on
_free software_.

Calling software ``free'' doesn't mean that the software isn't
copyrighted, and it doesn't mean that CDs containing that software
must be distributed at no charge. Free software, in part, means that
the licenses of individual programs do not require you to pay for the
privilege of distributing or using those programs. Free software also
means that not only may anyone extend, adapt, and modify the software,
but that they may distribute the results of their work as well.[1]

Many of the programs in the system are licensed under the _GNU_
_General Public License_, often simply referred to as ``the GPL''.
The GPL requires you to make the _source code_ of the programs
available whenever you distribute a binary copy of the program; that
provision of the license ensures that any user will be able to modify
the software. Because of this provision, the source code for all such
programs is available in the Debian system.[2]

There are several other forms of copyright statements and software
licenses used on the programs in Debian. You can find the copyrights
and licenses for every package installed on your system by looking in
the file `/usr/share/doc/<package-name>/copyright' once you've
installed a package on your system.

For more information about licenses and how Debian determines whether
software is free enough to be included in the main distribution, see
the Debian Free Software Guidelines
(http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines).

The most important legal notice is that this software comes with _no
warranties_. The programmers who have created this software have done
so for the benefit of the community. No guarantee is made as to the
suitability of the software for any given purpose. However, since the
software is free, you are empowered to modify that software to suit
your needs --- and to enjoy the benefits of the changes made by others
who have extended the software in this way.

[1] Note that the Debian project, as a pragmatic concession to its users,
does make some packages available that do not meet our criteria for
being free. These packages are not part of the official distribution,
however, and are only available from the `contrib' or `non-free' areas
of Debian mirrors or on third-party CD-ROMs; see the Debian FAQ
(http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/), under ``The Debian FTP archives'',
for more information about the layout and contents of the archives.

[2] For information on how to locate, unpack, and build binaries from
Debian source packages, see the Debian FAQ
(http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/), under ``Basics of the Debian Package
Management System''.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. System Requirements
----------------------

This section contains information about what hardware you need to get
started with Debian. You will also find links to further information
about hardware supported by GNU and Linux.

2.1. Supported Hardware
-----------------------

Debian does not impose hardware requirements beyond the requirements
of the Linux kernel and the GNU tool-sets. Therefore, any
architecture or platform to which the Linux kernel, libc, `gcc', etc.
have been ported, and for which a Debian port exists, can run Debian.
Please refer to the Ports pages at http://www.debian.org/ports/i386/
for more details on i386 architecture systems which have been tested
with Debian.

Rather than attempting to describe all the different hardware
configurations which are supported for Intel x86, this section
contains general information and pointers to where additional
information can be found.

2.1.1. Supported Architectures
------------------------------

Debian 3.0 supports eleven major architectures and several variations
of each architecture known as 'flavors'.

This document covers installation for the _i386_ architecture. If you
are looking for information on any of the other Debian-supported
architectures take a look at the Debian-Ports
(http://www.debian.org/ports/) pages.

2.1.2. CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support
------------------------------------------

Complete information concerning supported peripherals can be found at
Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html). This section merely
outlines the basics.

2.1.2.1. CPU
------------

Nearly all x86-based processors are supported; this includes AMD and
Cyrix processors as well. Also the new processors like Athlon and the
K6-2 or K6-3, respectively, are supported. However, Linux will _not_
run on 286 or earlier processors.

2.1.2.2. I/O Bus
----------------

The system bus is the part of the motherboard which allows the CPU to
communicate with peripherals such as storage devices. Your computer
must use the ISA, EISA, PCI, the Microchannel Architecture (MCA, used
in IBM's PS/2 line), or VESA Local Bus (VLB, sometimes called the VL
bus).

2.1.2.3. Graphics Card
----------------------

You should be using a VGA-compatible display interface for the console
terminal. Nearly every modern display card is compatible with VGA.
Ancient standards such CGA, MDA, or HGA should also work, assuming you
do not require X11 support. Note that X11 is not used during the
installation process described in this document.

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the
underlying support found in XFree86's X11 system. The newer AGP video
slots are actually a modification on the PCI specification, and most
AGP video cards work under XFree86. Details on supported graphics
buses, cards, monitors, and pointing devices can be found at
http://www.xfree86.org/. Debian 3.0 ships with X11 revision 4.1.0.

2.1.2.4. Laptops
----------------

Laptops are also supported. Laptops are often specialized or contain
proprietary hardware. To see if your particular laptop works well
with GNU/Linux, see the Linux Laptop pages
(http://www.linux-laptop.net/).

2.1.3. Multiple Processors
--------------------------

Multi-processor support --- also called ``symmetric multi-processing''
or SMP --- is supported for this architecture. However, the standard
Debian 3.0 kernel image does not support SMP. This should not prevent
installation, since the standard, non-SMP kernel should boot on SMP
systems; the kernel will simply use the first CPU.

In order to take advantage of multiple processors, you'll have to
replace the standard Debian kernel. You can find a discussion of how
to do this in Section 9.6, `Compiling a New Kernel'. At this time
(kernel version 2.2.20) the way you enable SMP is to select
``symmetric multi-processing'' in the ``General'' section of the
kernel config.

2.2. Installation Media
-----------------------

In many cases, you'll have to do your first boot from floppy disks,
using the rescue floppy. Generally, all you will need is a
high-density (1440 kilobytes) 3.5 inch floppy drive. High-density,
5.25 inch installation floppy images (1200 k) are also provided.

CD-ROM based installation is supported for some architectures. On
machines which support bootable CD-ROMs, you should be able to do a
completely floppy-less installation. Even if your system doesn't
support booting from a CD-ROM, you can use the CD-ROM in conjunction
with the other techniques to install your system, once you've booted
up by other means; see Section 5.2, `Booting from a CD-ROM'.

Both SCSI and IDE/ATAPI CD-ROMs are supported. In addition, all
non-standard CD interfaces supported by Linux are supported by the
boot disks (such as Mitsumi and Matsushita drives). However, these
models might require special boot parameters or other massaging to get
them to work, and booting off these non-standard interfaces is
unlikely. The Linux CD-ROM HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/CDROM-HOWTO.html) contains in-depth
information on using CD-ROMs with Linux.

Installation system booting from a hard disk is another option for
many architectures.

You can also _boot_ your system over the network. Diskless
installation, using network booting from a local area network and
NFS-mounting of all local filesystems, is another option --- you'll
probably need at least 16MB of RAM for a diskless installation. After
the operating system kernel is installed, you can install the rest of
your system via any sort of network connection (including PPP after
installation of the base system), via FTP, HTTP, or NFS.

2.2.1. Supported Storage Systems
--------------------------------

The Debian boot disks contain a kernel which is built to maximize the
number of systems it runs on. Unfortunately, this makes for a larger
kernel, which includes many drivers that won't be used for your
machine (see Section 9.6, `Compiling a New Kernel' to learn how to
build your own kernel). Support for the widest possible range of
devices is desirable in general, to ensure that Debian can be
installed on the widest array of hardware.

Generally, the Debian installation system includes support for
floppies, IDE drives, IDE floppies, parallel port IDE devices, SCSI
controllers and drives. The file systems supported include MINIX,
FAT, Win-32 FAT extensions (VFAT), among others (note that NTFS is not
supported by the installation system; you can add it later, as
described in Section 9.6, `Compiling a New Kernel').

The disk interfaces that emulate the ``AT'' hard disk interface which
are often called MFM, RLL, IDE, or ATA are supported. Very old 8 bit
hard disk controllers used in the IBM XT computer are supported only
as a module. SCSI disk controllers from many different manufacturers
are supported. See the Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html) for more details.

Not supported are IDE SCSI drives and some SCSI controllers, including

* EATA-DMA protocol compliant SCSI Host Adapters like the
SmartCache III/IV, SmartRAID controller families and the DPT
PM2011B and PM2012B controllers.

* The 53c7 NCR family of SCSI controllers (but 53c8 and 5380
controllers are supported)

2.3. Memory and Disk Space Requirements
---------------------------------------

You must have at least 12MB of memory and 110MB of hard disk space.
For a minimal console-based system (all standard packages), 250MB is
required. If you want to install a reasonable amount of software,
including the X Window System, and some development programs and
libraries, you'll need at least 400MB. For a more or less complete
installation, you'll need around 800MB. To install _everything_
available in Debian, you'll probably need around 2 GB. Actually,
installing everything doesn't even make sense, since some packages
conflict with others.

2.4. Network Connectivity Hardware
----------------------------------

Some network interface cards (NICs) are not supported by most Debian
installation disks, such as AX.25 cards and protocols; 3Com EtherLink
Plus (3c505) and EtherLink16 (3c507); NI5210 cards; generic NE2100
cards; NI6510 and NI16510 EtherBlaster cards; SEEQ 8005 cards;
Schneider & Koch G16 cards; Ansel Communications EISA 3200;
Winbond-840 based cards (eg. Realtek-100A), some new Tulip based
cards and the Zenith Z-Note built-in network card. These network
cards are supported by the "bf2.4" flavor: Winbond-840 based cards,
newer Tulip based cards, National Semiconductor DP8381x/DP8382x series
and Sundance ST201 "Alta". Microchannel (MCA) network cards are not
supported by the standard installation system, but see Linux on MCA
(http://www.dgmicro.com/mca/general-goods.html) for some (old)
instructions, and the Linux MCA discussion archives
(http://www.dgmicro.com/linux_frm.htm). FDDI networks are also not
supported by the installation disks, both cards and protocols. You
can create a custom kernel which supports an otherwise unsupported
card and then substitute in the installer (see Section 10.3,
`Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel').

As for ISDN, the D-channel protocol for the (old) German 1TR6 is not
supported; Spellcaster BRI ISDN boards are also not supported by the
boot-floppies.

Sound devices are not supported by default. But as already mentioned
above: if you want to use your own kernel please go to Section 9.6,
`Compiling a New Kernel' for further information.

2.5. Peripherals and Other Hardware
-----------------------------------

Linux supports a large variety of hardware devices such as mice,
printers, scanners, PCMCIA and USB devices. However, most of these
devices are not required while installing the system. USB keyboards
may require additional configuration (see Section 3.7.3.4, `USB
keyboards'). This section contains information about peripherals
specifically _not_ supported by the installation system, even though
they may be supported by Linux. Again, see the Linux Hardware
Compatibility HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html) to
determine whether your specific hardware is supported by Linux.

USB hardware is supported by the flavor "bf2.4". If you find that you
cannot use some USB devices, you may upgrade to kernel 2.4.x later.

Note that the stock kernels do not support serial ports numbered
greater than four (`/dev/ttyS3'). You'll have to either use the
available ports, or else build a custom kernel (see Section 10.3,
`Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel').

2.6. Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux
---------------------------------------------------

There are several vendors, who ship systems with Debian or other
distributions of GNU/Linux pre-installed. You might pay more for the
privilege, but it does buy a level of peace of mind, since you can be
sure that the hardware is well-supported by GNU/Linux. If you do have
to buy a machine with Windows bundled, carefully read the software
license that comes with Windows; you may be able to reject the license
and obtain a rebate from your vendor. See
http://www.linuxmall.com/refund/ for complete details.

Whether or not you are purchasing a system with Linux bundled, or even
a used system, it is still important to check that your hardware is
supported by the Linux kernel. Check if your hardware is listed in
the references found above. Let your salesperson (if any) know that
you're shopping for a Linux system. Support Linux-friendly hardware
vendors.

2.6.1. Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware
-------------------------------------------

Some hardware manufacturers simply won't tell us how to write drivers
for their hardware. Others won't allow us access to the documentation
without a non-disclosure agreement that would prevent us from
releasing the Linux source code.

Since we haven't been granted access to the documentation on these
devices, they simply won't work under Linux. You can help by asking
the manufacturers of such hardware to release the documentation. If
enough people ask, they will realize that the free software community
is an important market.

2.6.2. Windows-specific Hardware
--------------------------------

A disturbing trend is the proliferation of Windows-specific modems and
printers. In some cases these are specially designed to be operated
by the Microsoft Windows operating system and bear the legend
``WinModem'' or ``Made especially for Windows-based computers''. This
is generally done by removing the embedded processors of the hardware
and shifting the work they do over to a Windows driver that is run by
your computer's main CPU. This strategy makes the hardware less
expensive, but the savings are often _not_ passed on to the user and
this hardware may even be more expensive than equivalent devices that
retain their embedded intelligence.

You should avoid Windows-specific hardware for two reasons. The first
is that the manufacturers do not generally make the resources
available to write a Linux driver. Generally, the hardware and
software interface to the device is proprietary, and documentation is
not available without a non-disclosure agreement, if it is available
at all. This precludes its being used for free software, since free
software writers disclose the source code of their programs. The
second reason is that when devices like these have had their embedded
processors removed, the operating system must perform the work of the
embedded processors, often at _real-time_ priority, and thus the CPU
is not available to run your programs while it is driving these
devices. Since the typical Windows user does not multi-process as
intensively as a Linux user, the manufacturers hope that the Windows
user simply won't notice the burden this hardware places on their CPU.
However, any multi-processing operating system, even Windows 95 or NT,
suffers from degraded performance when peripheral manufacturers skimp
on the embedded processing power of their hardware.

You can help this situation by encouraging these manufacturers to
release the documentation and other resources necessary for us to
program their hardware, but the best strategy is simply to avoid this
sort of hardware until it is listed as working in the Linux Hardware
Compatibility HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html).

2.6.3. Fake or ``Virtual'' Parity RAM
-------------------------------------

If you ask for Parity RAM in a computer store, you'll probably get
_virtual parity_ memory modules instead of _true parity_ ones.
Virtual parity SIMMs can often (but not always) be distinguished
because they only have one more chip than an equivalent non-parity
SIMM, and that one extra chip is smaller than all the others.
Virtual-parity SIMMs work exactly like non-parity memory. They can't
tell you when you have a single-bit RAM error the way true-parity
SIMMs do in a motherboard that implements parity. Don't ever pay more
for a virtual-parity SIMM than a non-parity one. Do expect to pay a
little more for true-parity SIMMs, because you are actually buying one
extra bit of memory for every 8 bits.

If you want complete information on Intel x86 RAM issues, and what is
the best RAM to buy, see the PC Hardware FAQ
(http://www.faqs.org/faqs/pc-hardware-faq/part1/).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Before Installing Debian GNU/Linux
-------------------------------------

3.1. Overview of the Installation Process
-----------------------------------------

Here's a road map for the steps you will take during the installation
process.

1. Create partition-able space for Debian on your hard disk

2. Locate and/or download kernel and driver files (except Debian CD
users)

3. Set up boot floppies or place boot files (except most Debian CD
users can boot from one of the CDs)

4. Boot the installation system

5. Configure the keyboard

6. Create and mount Debian partitions

7. Point the installer to the location of the kernel and drivers

8. Select which peripheral drivers to load

9. Configure the network interface

10. Initiate automatic download/install/setup of the base system

11. Configure Linux or multi-system boot loading

12. Boot the newly installed system and do some final configuration

13. Install additional tasks and packages, at your discretion

3.2. Back Up Your Existing Data!
--------------------------------

Before you start, make sure to back up every file that is now on your
system. If this is the first time a non-native operating system has
been installed on your computer, it's quite likely you will need to
re-partition your disk to make room for Debian GNU/Linux. Anytime you
partition your disk, you should count on losing everything on the
disk, no matter what program you use to do it. The programs used in
installation are quite reliable and most have seen years of use; but
they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you. Even
after backing up be careful and think about your answers and actions.
Two minutes of thinking can save hours of unnecessary work.

If you are creating a multi-boot system, make sure that you have the
distribution media of any other present operating systems on hand.
Especially if you repartition your boot drive, you might find that you
have to reinstall your operating system's boot loader, or in many
cases the whole operating system itself and all files on the affected
partitions.

3.3. Information You Will Need
------------------------------

3.3.1. Documentation
--------------------

_Installation Manual:_
install.en.txt
install.en.html
install.en.pdf
This file you are now reading, in plain ASCII, HTML or PDF
format.

dselect Tutorial (dselect-beginner.en.html)
Tutorial for using the `dselect' program. This is one means of
installing addition packages onto your system after the basic
install is complete.

Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html)
Hardware compatibility information for Intel x86 hardware.

_Partitioning Program Manual Pages:_
fdisk.txt
cfdisk.txt
Manual pages for the partitioning software used during the
installation process.

.../current/md5sum.txt (../md5sum.txt)
List of MD5 checksums for the binary files. If you have the
`md5sum' program, you can ensure that your files are not corrupt
by running `md5sum -v -c md5sum.txt'.

3.3.2. Finding Sources of Hardware Information
----------------------------------------------

Hardware information can be gathered from:

* The manuals that come with each piece of hardware.

* The BIOS setup screens of your computer. You can view these
screens when you start your computer by pressing a combination of
keys. Check your manual for the combination. Often, it is the
Delete key.

* The cases and boxes for each piece of hardware.

* The System window in the Windows Control Panel.

* System commands or tools in another operating system, including
file manager displays. This source is especially useful for
information about RAM and hard drive memory.

* Your system administrator or Internet Service Provider. These
sources can tell you the settings you need to set up your
networking and e-mail.

Hardware Information Needed for an Install
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Hardware| Information You Might Need |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * How many you have. |
| | * Their order on the system. |
|Hard | * Whether IDE or SCSI (most computers are IDE). |
|Drives | * Available free space. |
| | * Partitions. |
| | * Partitions where other operating systems are |
| | installed. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Resolutions supported. |
|Monitor | * Horizontal refresh rate. |
| | * Vertical refresh rate. |
| | * Color depth (number of colors) supported. |
| | * Screen size. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Type: serial, PS, or USB. |
|Mouse | * Port. |
| | * Manufacturer. |
| | * Number of buttons. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
|Network | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Type of adapter. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
|Printer | * Model and manufacturer. |
| | * Printing resolutions supported. |
|--------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| | * Model and manufacturer. |
|Video | * Video RAM available. |
|Card | * Resolutions and color depths supported (these should |
| | be checked against your monitor's capabilities). |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

3.3.3. Hardware Compatibility
-----------------------------

Many brand name products work without trouble on Linux. Moreover,
hardware for Linux is improving daily. However, Linux still does not
run as many different types of hardware as some operating systems.

In particular, Linux usually cannot run hardware that requires a
running version of Windows to work.

Although some Windows-specific hardware can be made to run on Linux,
doing so usually requires extra effort. In addition, Linux drivers
for Windows-specific hardware are usually specific to one Linux
kernel. Therefore, they can quickly become obsolete.

So called win-modems are the most common type of this hardware.
However, printers and other equipment may also be Windows-specific.

You can check hardware compatibility by:

* Checking manufacturers' web sites for new drivers.

* Looking at web sites or manuals for information about emulation.
Lesser known brands can sometimes use the drivers or settings for
better-known ones.

* Checking hardware compatibility lists for Linux on web sites
dedicated to your architecture.

* Searching the Internet for other users' experiences.

3.3.4. Network Settings
-----------------------

If your computer is connected to a network 24 hours a day (i.e., an
Ethernet or equivalent connection --- not a PPP connection), you
should ask your network's system administrator for this information.
On the other hand, if your administrator tells you that a DHCP server
is available and is recommended, then you don't need this information
because the DHCP server will provide it directly to your computer
during the installation process.

* Your host name (you may be able to decide this on your own).

* Your domain name.

* Your computer's IP address.

* The IP address of your network.

* The netmask to use with your network.

* The broadcast address to use on your network.

* The IP address of the default gateway system you should route to,
if your network _has_ a gateway.

* The system on your network that you should use as a DNS (Domain
Name Service) server.

* Whether you connect to the network using Ethernet.

* Whether your Ethernet interface is a PCMCIA card; if so, the type
of PCMCIA controller you have.

If your computer's only network connection is via a serial line, using
PPP or an equivalent dialup connection, you will not be able to
install the base system over the network. To install the system in
this case, you must use a CD, pre-load the base packages on an
existing hard disk partition, or prepare floppy disks containing the
base packages. See Section 8.9, `Setting Up PPP' below for
information on setting up PPP under Debian once the system is
installed.

3.4. Planning Use of the System
-------------------------------

It is important to decide what type of machine you are creating. This
will determine the disk space requirements for your Debian system.

3.5. Meeting Minimum Hardware Requirements
------------------------------------------

Once you have gathered information about your computer's hardware,
check that your hardware will let you do the type of installation that
you want to do.

Depending on your needs, you might manage with less than some of the
recommended hardware listed in the table below. However, most users
risk being frustrated if they ignore these suggestions. A Pentium 100
is the minimum recommended for desktop systems, and a Pentium II-300
for a Server.

Recommended Minimum System Requirements
+------------------------------------------+
|Install Type| RAM | Hard Drive |
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|No desktop | 16 megabytes | 450 megabytes|
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|With Desktop| 64 megabytes | 1 gigabyte |
|------------+--------------+--------------|
|Server | 128 megabytes| 4 gigabytes |
+------------------------------------------+

Here is a sampling of some common Debian system configurations. You
can also get an idea of the disk space used by related groups of
programs by referring to Section 11.4, `Disk Space Needed for Tasks'.

Standard Server
This is a small server profile, useful for a stripped down server
which does not have a lot of niceties for shell users. It
includes an FTP server, a web server, DNS, NIS, and POP. For
these 50MB of disk space would suffice, and then you would need
to add space for any data you serve up.

Dialup
A standard desktop box, including the X window system, graphics
applications, sound, editors, etc. Size of the packages will be
around 500MB.

Work Console
A more stripped-down user machine, without the X window system or
X applications. Possibly suitable for a laptop or mobile
computer. The size is around 140MB.

Developer
A desktop setup with all the development packages, such as Perl,
C, C++, etc. Size is around 475MB. Assuming you are adding X11
and some additional packages for other uses, you should plan
around 800MB for this type of machine.

Remember that these sizes don't include all the other materials which
are usually to be found, such as user files, mail, and data. It is
always best to be generous when considering the space for your own
files and data. Notably, the Debian `/var' partition contains a lot
of state information. The `dpkg' files (with information on all
installed packages) can easily consume 20MB; with logs and the rest,
you should usually allocate at least 50MB for `/var'.

3.6. Pre-Partitioning for Multi-Boot Systems
--------------------------------------------

Partitioning your disk simply refers to the act of breaking up your
disk into sections. Each section is then independent of the others.
It's roughly equivalent to putting up walls in a house; if you add
furniture to one room it doesn't affect any other room.

If you already have an operating system on your system (Windows95,
Windows NT, OS/2, MacOS, Solaris, FreeBSD, ...) and want to stick
Linux on the same disk, you will need to repartition the disk. Debian
requires its own hard disk partitions. It cannot be installed on
Windows or MacOS partitions. It may be able to share some partitions
with other Linux systems, but that's not covered here. At the very
least you will need a dedicated partition for the Debian root.

You can find information about your current partition setup by using a
partitioning tool for your current operating system , such as fdisk or
PartitionMagic . Partitioning tools always provide a way to show
existing partitions without making changes.

In general, changing a partition with a file system already on it will
destroy any information there. Thus you should always make backups
before doing any repartitioning. Using the analogy of the house, you
would probably want to move all the furniture out of the way before
moving a wall or you risk destroying it. Luckily, there is an
alternative for some users; see Section 3.6.1.1, `Lossless
Repartitioning When Starting From DOS, Win-32 or OS/2'.

If your computer has more than one hard disk, you may want to dedicate
one of the hard disks completely to Debian. If so, you don't need to
partition that disk before booting the installation system; the
installer's included partitioning program can handle the job nicely.

If your machine has only one hard disk, and you would like to
completely replace the current operating system with Debian GNU/Linux,
you also can wait to partition as part of the installation process
(Chapter 6, `Partitioning for Debian'), after you have booted the
installation system. However this only works if you plan to boot the
installer system from floppies, CD-ROM or files on a connected
machine. Consider: if you boot from files placed on the hard disk,
and then partition that same hard disk within the installation system,
thus erasing the boot files, you'd better hope the installation is
successful the first time around. At the least in this case, you
should have some alternate means of reviving your machine like the
original system's installation floppies or CDs.

If your machine already has multiple partitions, and enough space can
be provided by deleting and replacing one or more of them, then you
too can wait and use the Debian installer's partitioning program. You
should still read through the material below, because there may be
special circumstances like the order of the existing partitions within
the partition map, that force you to partition before installing
anyway.

In all other cases, you'll need to partition your hard disk before
starting the installation to create partition-able space for Debian.
If some of the partitions will be owned by other operating systems,
you should create those partitions using native operating system
partitioning programs. We recommend that you do _not_ attempt to
create Debian Linux partitions using another operating system's tools.
Instead, you should just create the native operating system's
partitions you will want to retain.

If you are going to install more than one operating system on the same
machine, you should install all other system(s) before proceeding with
Linux installation. Windows and other OS installations may destroy
your ability to start Linux, or encourage you to reformat non-native
partitions.

You can recover from these actions or avoid them, but installing the
native system first saves you trouble.

If you currently have one hard disk with one partition (a common setup
for desktop computers), and you want to multi-boot the native
operating system and Debian, you will need to:

1. Back up everything on the computer.

2. Boot from the native operating system installer media such as
CD-ROM or floppies.

3. Use the native partitioning tools to create native system
partition(s). Leave either a place holder partition or free
space for Debian GNU/Linux.

4. Install the native operating system on its new partition.

5. Boot back into the native system to verify everything's OK, and
to download the Debian installer boot files.

6. Boot the Debian installer to continue installing Debian.

3.6.1. Partitioning From DOS or Windows
---------------------------------------

If you are manipulating existing FAT or NTFS partitions, it is
recommended that you either use the scheme below or native Windows or
DOS tools. Otherwise, it is not really necessary to partition from
DOS or Windows; the Linux partitioning tools will generally do a
better job.

But if you have a large IDE disk, and are using neither LBA
addressing, overlay drivers (sometimes provided by hard disk
manufacturers), nor a new (post 1998) BIOS that supports large disk
access extensions, then you must locate your Debian boot partition
carefully. In this case, you will have to put the boot partition into
the first 1024 cylinders of your hard drive (usually around 524
megabytes, without BIOS translation). This may require that you move
an existing FAT or NTFS partition.

3.6.1.1. Lossless Repartitioning When Starting From DOS, Win-32 or OS/2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

One of the most common installations is onto a system that already
contains DOS (including Windows 3.1), Win32 (such as Windows 95, 98,
NT), or OS/2, and it is desired to put Debian onto the same disk
without destroying the previous system. As explained in the Section
6.1, `Deciding on Debian Partitions and Sizes', decreasing the size of
an existing partition will almost certainly damage the data on that
partition unless certain precautions are taken. The method described
here, while not guaranteed to protect your data, works extremely well
in practice. As a precaution, you should _make a backup_.

Before going any further, you should have decided how you will be
dividing up the disk. The method in this section will only split a
partition into two pieces. One will contain the original OS and the
other will be used for Debian. During the installation of Debian, you
will be given the opportunity to use the Debian portion of the disk as
you see fit, i.e., as swap or as a file system.

The idea is to move all the data on the partition to the beginning,
before changing the partition information, so that nothing will be
lost. It is important that you do as little as possible between the
data movement and repartitioning to minimize the chance of a file
being written near the end of the partition as this will decrease the
amount of space you can take from the partition.

The first thing needed is a copy of `fips' which is available in the
`tools/' directory on your nearest Debian mirror. Unzip the archive
and copy the files `RESTORRB.EXE', `FIPS.EXE' and `ERRORS.TXT' to a
bootable floppy. A bootable floppy can be created using the command
`sys a:' under DOS. `fips' comes with very good documentation which
you may want to read. You will definitely need to read the
documentation if you use a disk compression driver or a disk manager.
Create the disk and read the documentation _before_ you defragment the
disk.

The next thing needed is to move all the data to the beginning of the
partition. `defrag', which comes standard with DOS 6.0 and later can
easily do the job. See the `fips' documentation for a list of other
software that may do the trick. Note that if you have Windows 95, you
must run `defrag' from there, since DOS doesn't understand VFAT, which
is used to support for long filenames, used in Windows 95 and higher.

After running the defragmenter (which can take a while on a large
disk), reboot with the `fips' disk you created in the floppy drive.
Simply type `a:\fips' and follow the directions.

Note that there are many other other partition managers out there, in
case `fips' doesn't do the trick for you.

3.6.1.2. Partitioning for DOS
-----------------------------

If you are partitioning for DOS drives, or changing the size of DOS
partitions, using Linux tools, many people experience problems working
with the resulting FAT partitions. For instance, some have reported
slow performance, consistent problems with `scandisk', or other weird
errors in DOS or Windows.

Apparently, whenever you create or resize a partition for DOS use,
it's a good idea to fill the first few sectors with zeros. Do this
prior to running DOS's `format' command, from Linux:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXX bs=512 count=4

3.7. Pre-Installation Hardware and Operating System Setup
---------------------------------------------------------

This section will walk you through pre-installation hardware setup, if
any, that you will need to do prior to installing Debian. Generally,
this involves checking and possibly changing firmware settings for
your system. The ``firmware'' is the core software used by the
hardware; it is most critically invoked during the bootstrap process
(after power-up). Known hardware issues affecting the reliability of
Debian GNU/Linux on your system are also highlighted.

3.7.1. Invoking the BIOS Set-Up Menu
------------------------------------

BIOS provides the basic functions needed to boot your machine to allow
your operating system to access your hardware. Your system probably
provides a BIOS set-up menu, which is used to configure the BIOS.
Before installing, you _must_ ensure that your BIOS is setup
correctly; not doing so can lead to intermittent crashes or an
inability to install Debian.

The rest of this section is lifted from the PC Hardware FAQ
(http://www.faqs.org/faqs/pc-hardware-faq/part1/), answering the
question, "How do I enter the CMOS configuration menu?". How you
access the BIOS (or ``CMOS'') configuration menu depends on who wrote
your BIOS software:

[From: burnesa@cat.com (Shaun Burnet)]

AMI BIOS
Del key during the POST (power on self test)

Award BIOS
Ctrl-Alt-Esc, or Del key during the POST

DTK BIOS
Esc key during the POST

IBM PS/2 BIOS
Ctrl-Alt-Ins after Ctrl-Alt-Del

Phoenix BIOS
Ctrl-Alt-Esc or Ctrl-Alt-S or F1

Information on invoking other BIOS routines can be found in
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Hard-Disk-Upgrade/install.html.

Some Intel x86 machines don't have a CMOS configuration menu in the
BIOS. They require a software CMOS setup program. If you don't have
the Installation and/or Diagnostics diskette for your machine, you can
try using a shareware/freeware program. Try looking in
ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/.

3.7.2. Boot Device Selection
----------------------------

Many BIOS set-up menus allow you to select the devices that will be
used to bootstrap the system. Set this to look for a bootable
operating system on `A:' (the first floppy disk), then optionally the
first CD-ROM device (possibly appearing as `D:' or `E:'), and then
from `C:' (the first hard disk). This setting enables you to boot
from either a floppy disk or a CD-ROM, which are the two most common
boot devices used to install Debian.

If you have a newer SCSI controller and you have a CD-ROM device
attached to it, you are usually able to boot from the CD-ROM. All you
have to do is enable booting from a CD-ROM in the SCSI-BIOS of your
controller.

Here are some details about how to set the boot order. Remember to
reset the boot order after Linux is installed, so that you restart
your machine from the hard drive.

3.7.2.1. Changing the Boot Order on IDE Computers
-------------------------------------------------

1. As your computer starts, press the keys to enter the BIOS
utility. Often, it is the Delete key. However, consult the
hardware documentation for the exact keystrokes.

2. Find the boot sequence in the setup utility. Its location
depends on your BIOS, but you are looking for a field that lists
drives.

Common entries on IDE machines are C, A, cdrom or A, C, cdrom .

C is the hard drive, and A is the floppy drive.

3. Change the boot sequence setting so that the CD-ROM or the floppy
is first. Usually, the Page Up or Page Down keys cycle through
the possible choices.

4. Save your changes. Instructions on the screen tell you how to
save the changes on your computer.

3.7.2.2. Changing the Boot Order on SCSI Computers
--------------------------------------------------

1. As your computer starts, press the keys to enter the SCSI setup
utility.

You can start the SCSI setup utility after the memory check and
the message about how to start the BIOS utility displays when you
start your computer.

The keystrokes you need depend on the utility. Often, it is
Ctrl-F2. However, consult your hardware documentation for the
exact keystrokes.

2. Find the utility for changing the boot order.

3. Set the utility so that the SCSI ID of the CD drive is first on
the list.

4. Save your changes. Instructions on the screen tell you how to
save the changes on your computer. Often, you must press F10.

3.7.2.3. CD-ROM Settings
------------------------

Some BIOS systems (such as Award BIOS) allow you to automatically set
the CD speed. You should avoid that, and instead set it to, say, the
lowest speed. If you get `seek failed' error messages, this may be
your problem.

3.7.2.4. Extended vs. Expanded Memory
-------------------------------------

If your system provides both ex_ten_ded and ex_pan_ded memory, set it
so that there is as much extended and as little expanded memory as
possible. Linux requires extended memory and cannot use expanded
memory.

3.7.2.5. Virus Protection
-------------------------

Disable any virus-warning features your BIOS may provide. If you have
a virus-protection board or other special hardware, make sure it is
disabled or physically removed while running GNU/Linux. These aren't
compatible with GNU/Linux; moreover, due to the file system
permissions and protected memory of the Linux kernel, viruses are
almost unheard of.[1]

[1] After installation you can enable Boot Sector protection if you want.
This offers no additional security in Linux but if you also run
Windows it may prevent a catastrophe. There is no need to tamper with
the Master Boot Record (MBR) after the boot manager has been set up.

3.7.2.6. Shadow RAM
-------------------

Your motherboard may provide _shadow RAM_ or BIOS caching. You may
see settings for ``Video BIOS Shadow'', ``C800-CBFF Shadow'', etc.
_Disable_ all shadow RAM. Shadow RAM is used to accelerate access to
the ROMs on your motherboard and on some of the controller cards.
Linux does not use these ROMs once it has booted because it provides
its own faster 32-bit software in place of the 16-bit programs in the
ROMs. Disabling the shadow RAM may make some of it available for
programs to use as normal memory. Leaving the shadow RAM enabled may
interfere with Linux access to hardware devices.

3.7.2.7. Miscellaneous BIOS Settings to Watch Out For
-----------------------------------------------------

If your BIOS offers something like ``15-16 MB Memory Hole'', please
disable that. Linux expects to find memory there if you have that
much RAM.

We have a report of an Intel Endeavor motherboard on which there is an
option called ``LFB'' or ``Linear Frame Buffer''. This had two
settings: ``Disabled'' and ``1 Megabyte''. Set it to ``1 Megabyte''.
When disabled, the installation floppy was not read correctly, and the
system eventually crashed. At this writing we don't understand what's
going on with this particular device --- it just worked with that
setting and not without it.

3.7.2.8. Advanced Power Management
----------------------------------

If your motherboard provides Advanced Power Management (APM),
configure it so that power management is controlled by APM. Disable
the doze, standby, suspend, nap, and sleep modes, and disable the hard
disk's power-down timer. Linux can take over control of these modes,
and can do a better job of power-management than the BIOS. The
version of the operating system kernel on the installation floppies
does not, however, use APM, because we've had reports of one laptop
system crashing when the Linux APM driver is configured. Once you've
installed Linux, you can build a custom-configured version of the
Linux kernel; see Section 9.6, `Compiling a New Kernel' for
instructions.

3.7.3. Hardware Issues to Watch Out For
---------------------------------------

Many people have tried operating their 90 MHz CPU at 100 MHz, etc. It
sometimes works, but is sensitive to temperature and other factors and
can actually damage your system. One of the authors of this document
over-clocked his own system for a year, and then the system started
aborting the `gcc' program with an unexpected signal while it was
compiling the operating system kernel. Turning the CPU speed back
down to its rated value solved the problem.

The `gcc' compiler is often the first thing to die from bad memory
modules (or other hardware problems that change data unpredictably)
because it builds huge data structures that it traverses repeatedly.
An error in these data structures will cause it to execute an illegal
instruction or access a non-existent address. The symptom of this
will be `gcc' dying from an unexpected signal.

The very best motherboards support parity RAM and will actually tell
you if your system has a single-bit error in RAM. Unfortunately, they
don't have a way to fix the error, thus they generally crash
immediately after they tell you about the bad RAM. Still, it's better
to be told you have bad memory than to have it silently insert errors
in your data. Thus, the best systems have motherboards that support
parity and true-parity memory modules; see Section 2.6.3, `Fake or
``Virtual'' Parity RAM'.

If you do have true-parity RAM and your motherboard can handle it, be
sure to enable any BIOS settings that cause the motherboard to
interrupt on memory parity errors.

3.7.3.1. The Turbo Switch
-------------------------

Many systems have a _turbo_ switch that controls the speed of the CPU.
Select the high-speed setting. If your BIOS allows you to disable
software control of the turbo switch (or software control of CPU
speed), do so and lock the system in high-speed mode. We have one
report that on a particular system, while Linux is auto-probing
(looking for hardware devices) it can accidentally touch the software
control for the turbo switch.

3.7.3.2. Cyrix CPUs and Floppy Disk Errors
------------------------------------------

Many users of Cyrix CPUs have had to disable the cache in their
systems during installation, because the floppy disk has errors if
they do not. If you have to do this, be sure to re-enable your cache
when you are finished with installation, as the system runs _much_
slower with the cache disabled.

We don't think this is necessarily the fault of the Cyrix CPU. It may
be something that Linux can work around. We'll continue to look into
the problem. For the technically curious, we suspect a problem with
the cache being invalid after a switch from 16-bit to 32-bit code.

3.7.3.3. Peripheral Hardware Settings
-------------------------------------

You may have to change some settings or jumpers on your computer's
peripheral cards. Some cards have setup menus, while others rely on
jumpers. This document cannot hope to provide complete information on
every hardware device; what it hopes to provide is useful tips.

If any cards provide ``mapped memory'', the memory should be mapped
somewhere between 0xA0000 and 0xFFFFF (from 640K to just below 1
megabyte) or at an address at least 1 megabyte greater than the total
amount of RAM in your system.

3.7.3.4. USB keyboards
----------------------

If you have no AT-style keyboard and only a USB model, you will need
to enable legacy AT keyboard emulation in your BIOS setup. Consult
your main board manual and look in the BIOS for "Legacy keyboard
emulation" or "USB keyboard support" options. It must be enabled in
order to boot the installation system. If you enabled this option and
it is working for you, you are fine and can go ahead.

If you cannot find this option, it might be that it is always enabled
and you can continue. It also might mean that the BIOS does not
provide any emulation support (bad luck here).

If you find the option and enable it, but the emulation stops working
soon after the kernel started, then you have bad luck too. You could
try the "bf2.4" flavor where the root floppy brings USB modules. If
you are installing with floppy disks, you would need the keyboard once
before the USB modules can be loaded. Specifying the "keytimer"
option at boot prompt may help in this case.

Sometimes, the emulation hangs but it wakes up after few minutes, so
you could wait some time and try to continue. To fix this behavior,
you could load Linux' own drivers for USB keyboards. For this, use
"modconf" (Step "Configure Device Driver Modules") and load usb-uhci
or usb-ohci modules.

3.7.3.5. More than 64 MB RAM
----------------------------

The Linux Kernel can not always detect what amount of RAM you have.
If this is the case please look at Section 5.1, `Boot Parameter
Arguments'.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Obtaining System Installation Media
--------------------------------------

4.1. Official Debian GNU/Linux CD-ROM Sets
------------------------------------------

By far the easiest way to install Debian GNU/Linux is from an Official
Debian CD-ROM Set (see the CD vendors page
(http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/)). You may also download the
CD-ROM images from the Debian server and make your own set, if you
have a fast network connection and a CD burner. If you have a Debian
CD set and CDs are bootable on your machine, you can skip right to
Section 5.2, `Booting from a CD-ROM'; much effort has been expended to
ensure the files most people need are there on the CD.

If your machine doesn't support CD booting, but you do have a CD set,
you can use an alternative strategy ( floppy disk, hard disk, or net
boot) to initially boot the system installer. The files you need for
booting by another means are also on the CD; the Debian network
archive and CD folder organization are identical. So when archive
file paths are given below for particular files you need for booting,
look for those files in the same directories and subdirectories on
your CD.

Once the installer is booted, it will be able to obtain all the other
files it needs from the CD.

If you don't have a CD set, then you will need to download the
installer system files and place them either on your hard disk, floppy
disk or a connected computer so they can be used to boot the
installer.

4.2. Downloading Files from Debian Mirrors
------------------------------------------

When downloading files from a Debian mirror, be sure to download the
files in _binary_ mode, not text or automatic mode. It's important to
replicate the directory structure you find on the mirror to create a
local `sub-mirror'. It isn't really necessary to do this if you place
all the installation files on floppies; but it still makes it easier
to find the files when you need them. You should start your local
directory structure at the level under `disks-i386', for example:

current/<subarchitecture>/images-1.44/<flavor>/rescue.bin

You don't need to download every file under that level, just those
that apply to you (you'll find out which ones apply as you read on).
Just name the directories the same as the mirror's, and keep the files
in their proper directories.

If your machine is set up to automatically decompress/decode files you
download, you must turn that feature off when downloading the
installation system files. They will be decompressed just-in-time by
the installer. Decompressing in your current system will waste space
and time, and if the original compressed archives are deleted by the
decompression program, they won't be there later when the installer
needs them.

4.2.1. Installation Options
---------------------------

Files you may need fall into three categories:

1. Files needed to boot into the installation system (for example,
`rescue.bin', `linux.bin', and `root.bin')

2. Files the installation system will need access to after it has
been booted in order to install the operating system kernel and
peripheral drivers (for example, `rescue.bin' and `drivers.tgz')

3. Base system installation files (for example, `basedebs.tar')

If you have a working Ethernet connection on the computer, and your
Ethernet card is of one of the types compiled into the installation
kernel, you may only need the install system boot files. The
installer is capable of installing the kernel and drivers over the
network for many common Ethernet cards.

If you have an Ethernet connection for which the installer doesn't
have built-in support, you may need both the install system boot files
and the kernel and peripheral driver installation files.

If you are installing on a system without a working network
connection, or if your network connection is via PPP (using a modem)
rather than Ethernet, you will need to obtain all three types of files
before starting the installation.

If you're not sure which files you need, just start with the install
system boot files. If your first attempt to configure the network
within the installer fails, you can just quit, get the extra files you
need, and re-start the installation.

The base system installation file `basedebs.tar' is currently about
27M. If you are able to use a CD, or configure your network before
installing the base system, it is better to do so; in that case you
won't need this file. The network location is listed in the appendix
(Section 11.2.3.4, `Debian Base System Installation Files').

To use a current debian system to assemble a `basedebs.tar' from the
debian archives, first install `debootstrap' (`apt-get install
debootstrap'). Then use the following command:

debootstrap binary-basedebs SUITE=woody VERSION=3.0 \
MIRROR="http://ftp.debian.org/debian" ARCHES="i386"

4.2.2. Choosing the Right Installation Set
------------------------------------------

Installation files include kernel images, which are available in
various ``flavors''. Each flavor supports a different set of
hardware. The flavors available for Intel x86 are:

`vanilla'
The standard kernel package available in Debian. This includes
almost all drivers supported by Linux built as modules, which
includes drivers for network devices, SCSI devices, sound cards,
Video4Linux devices, etc. The `vanilla' flavor includes one
rescue floppy, one root and four driver floppies.

`compact'
Like `vanilla', but with many of the less-frequently-use drivers
removed (sound, v4l, etc). In addition, it has built in support
for several popular PCI Ethernet devices --- NE2000, 3com 3c905,
Tulip, Via-Rhine and Intel EtherExpress Pro100. These built in
drivers allow you to take full advantage of the Debian
installer's net install feature to install the driver floppies
over the network so that only the root and rescue floppy disks
need to be made. Finally, `compact' also supports several common
RAID controllers: DAC960, and Compaq's SMART2 RAID controllers.
The `compact' flavor includes one rescue floppy, one root and two
driver disks.

`idepci'
Kernel that supports only IDE and PCI devices (and a very small
number of ISA devices). This kernel should be used if the SCSI
drivers in the other flavors cause your system to hang on startup
(probably because of resource conflicts, or a misbehaving
driver/card in your system.) The `idepci' flavor also has a
built-in ide-floppy driver so that you can install from LS120 or
ZIP devices.

`bf2.4'
This is an experimental flavor which uses a special version of
the kernel-image-2.4 package. It provides support for newer
hardware components which is absent in the other (more stable)
flavors. It supports more USB hardware, USB keyboards/mice,
modern IDE controllers, some new network cards, and Ext3 and
Reiser file systems. Compared to the driver set of our main
kernel-image-2.4.x-yz packages, some non-essential drivers have
been removed in order to keep the number of needed floppy disks
in a sane range. If you have unexplainable problems with kernel
2.4, you should use other flavors. If you need more new drivers
or optimisations for your CPU type, feel free to install an
"official" kernel-image-2.4.x-yz package. This flavor comes with
one rescue floppy, one root and four driver floppies.

Although we have described above how many 1.44MB diskettes the
different sets occupy, you may still choose different methods of
installation.

The kernel config files for these flavors can be found in their
respective directories in a file named `kernel-config'.

4.2.3. Where to Find Installation Files
---------------------------------------

The network locations of installation files for each i386 flavor are
listed in the Appendix. These include:

.../current/images-1.20/rescue.bin (../images-1.20/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/rescue.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/rescue.bin (../images-1.44/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/idepci/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/idepci/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/rescue.bin (../images-2.88/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/bf2.4/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/bf2.4/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/compact/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/compact/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/idepci/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/idepci/rescue.bin)
rescue image

.../current/images-1.20/root.bin (../images-1.20/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/root.bin (../images-1.44/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/root.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/idepci/root.bin
(../images-1.44/idepci/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/root.bin (../images-1.44/bf2.4/root.bin)
root image(s) or tarball

Section 11.2.3.2, `Linux Kernel Files'
kernel binary

Section 11.2.3.3, `Driver Files'
driver images or tarball

Section 11.2.3.4, `Debian Base System Installation Files'
base system images or tarball

The rescue image contains a compressed Linux boot kernel. It is used
for both floppy disk booting (when transferred to a floppy) and as the
source for the Linux kernel when the kernel is being installed on your
machine. The kernel binary `linux.bin' is an uncompressed binary
kernel. It is used when booting the installer from the hard disk or
CD-ROM, and is not needed for floppy installer booting.

Refer to Section 4.3, `Creating Floppies from Disk Images' for
important information on properly creating floppy disks from floppy
images.

The root floppy image contains a compressed RAMdisk filesystem which
gets loaded into memory after you boot the installer.

The peripheral drivers may be downloaded as a series of floppy images
or as a tarball (`drivers.tgz'). The installer system will need
access to the drivers file during installation. If you have a hard
drive partition or connected computer which will be accessible to the
installer (see below), the tarball will be more convenient to handle.
The floppy image files are needed only if you must install the drivers
from floppies.

When downloading files, you should also pay attention to the type of
file system you are downloading them _to_, unless you will use
floppies for the kernel and drivers. The installer can read files
from many kinds of file systems, including FAT, HFS, ext2fs, and
Minix. When downloading files to a *nix file system, choose the
largest possible files from the archive.

The installer _cannot_ access files on an NTFS file system --- you
must load the appropriate driver).

In addition to the files above, you will need
.../current/dosutils/loadlin.exe (../dosutils/loadlin.exe) (see
Section 11.2.3.1, `Files for the Initial System Boot').

During the installation, you will erase the partition(s) on which you
are installing Debian before beginning the installation. All
downloaded files must be placed on partitions _other_ than those on
which you are planning to install the system.

4.3. Creating Floppies from Disk Images
---------------------------------------

Bootable floppy disks are commonly used to boot the installer system
for machines with a floppy drive. Floppies can also be used for
installation of the kernel and modules on most systems.

Disk images are files containing the complete contents of a floppy
disk in _raw_ form. Disk images, such as `rescue.bin', cannot simply
be copied to floppy drives. A special program is used to write the
image files to floppy disk in _raw_ mode. This is required because
these images are raw representations of the disk; it is required to do
a _sector copy_ of the data from the file onto the floppy.

There are different techniques for creating floppies from disk images,
which depend on your platform. This section describes how to create
floppies from disk images on different platforms.

No matter which method you use to create your floppies, you should
remember to flip the tab on the floppies once you have written them,
to ensure they are not damaged unintentionally.

4.3.1. Writing Disk Images From a Linux or Unix System
------------------------------------------------------

To write the floppy disk image files to the floppy disks, you will
probably need root access to the system. Place a good, blank floppy
in the floppy drive. Next, use the command

dd if=<file> of=/dev/fd0 bs=1024 conv=sync ; sync

where <file> is one of the floppy disk image files. `/dev/fd0' is a
commonly used name of the floppy disk device, it may be different on
your workstation (on Solaris, it is `/dev/fd/0'). The command may
return to the prompt before Unix has finished writing the floppy disk,
so look for the disk-in-use light on the floppy drive and be sure that
the light is out and the disk has stopped revolving before you remove
it from the drive. On some systems, you'll have to run a command to
eject the floppy from the drive (on Solaris, use `eject', see the
manual page).

Some systems attempt to automatically mount a floppy disk when you
place it in the drive. You might have to disable this feature before
the workstation will allow you to write a floppy in _raw mode_.
Unfortunately, how to accomplish this will vary based on your
operating system. On Solaris, you can work around volume management
to get raw access to the floppy. First, make sure that the floppy is
auto-mounted (using `volcheck' or the equivalent command in the file
manager). Then use a `dd' command of the form given above, just
replace `/dev/fd0' with `/vol/rdsk/<floppy_name>', where <floppy_name>
is the name the floppy disk was given when it was formatted (unnamed
floppies default to the name `unnamed_floppy'). On other systems, ask
your system administrator.

4.3.2. Writing Disk Images From DOS, Windows, or OS/2
-----------------------------------------------------

If you have access to an i386 machine, you can use one of the
following programs to copy images to floppies.

The FDVOL, WrtDsk or RaWrite3 programs can be used under MS-DOS.

http://www.minix-vmd.org/pub/Minix-vmd/dosutil/

To use these programs, first make sure that you are booted into DOS.
Trying to use these programs from within a DOS box in Windows, or
double-clicking on these programs from the Windows Explorer is _not_
expected to work. If you don't know how to boot into DOS, just hit
_F8_ while booting.

`NTRawrite' is an attempt to create a contemporary version of
`Rawrite/Rawrite3' that is consistently compatible with WinNT, Win2K
and Win95/98. It is a self-explanatory GUI application; you select
the disk drive to write to, browse to the disk image you want to place
there and hit the Write button.

http://sourceforge.net/projects/ntrawrite/

4.3.3. Modifying the Rescue Floppy to Support National Language
---------------------------------------------------------------

The messages shown by the rescue floppy (before loading the Linux
kernel) can be shown in your mother tongue. To achieve this if you
are not an English speaker, after writing the image file, you must
copy the provided message files and a font to the floppy. For MS-DOS
and Windows users there is a batch file `setlang.bat' in the
`dosutils' directory, which copies the correct files. Simply enter
this directory (e.g.
cd
c:\debian\dosutils
) within a command prompt window, and run `setlang <lang>', where
<lang> is a two-letter code of your language in lower case, for
example `setlang pl' to set the language to Polish. Currently these
language codes are available:
ca cs da de eo es fi fr gl hr hu it ko ja pl pt ru sk sv tr zh_CN

Note that the descriptions in this manual assume that you use non
localized (English) installation; otherwise the names of menus and
buttons will differ from what you will see on your screen.

4.4. Preparing Files for Hard Disk Booting
------------------------------------------

The installer may be booted using boot files placed on an existing
hard drive partition, either launched from another operating system or
by invoking a boot loader directly from the BIOS.

The installer cannot boot from files on an NTFS file system.

4.5. Preparing Files for TFTP Net Booting
-----------------------------------------

If your machine is connected to a local area network, you may be able
to boot it over the network from another machine, using TFTP. If you
intend to boot the installation system from another machine, the boot
files will need to be placed in specific locations on that machine,
and the machine configured to support booting of your specific
machine.

You need to setup a TFTP server, and for CATS machines, a BOOTP server
, or RARP server, or DHCP server.

The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is one way to tell your
client what IP address to use for itself. Another way is to use the
BOOTP protocol. BOOTP is an IP protocol that informs a computer of
its IP address and where on the network to obtain a boot image. The
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a more flexible,
backwards-compatible extension of BOOTP. Some systems can only be
configured via DHCP.

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is used to serve the boot
image to the client. Theoretically, any server, on any platform,
which implements these protocols, may be used. In the examples in
this section, we shall provide commands for SunOS 4.x, SunOS 5.x
(a.k.a. Solaris), and GNU/Linux.

4.5.1. Setting up RARP server
-----------------------------

To setup RARP, you need to know the Ethernet address of the client
(a.k.a. the MAC address). If you don't know this information, you
can boot into ``Rescue'' mode (e.g., from the rescue floppy) and use
the command `/sbin/ifconfig eth0'.

On systems using a Linux 2.2.x kernel, you need to populate the
kernel's RARP table. To do this, run the following commands:

/sbin/rarp -s <client-hostname> <client-enet-addr>
/usr/sbin/arp -s <client-ip> <client-enet-addr>

If you get
SIOCSRARP: Invalid argument
you probably need to load the RARP kernel module or else recompile the
kernel to support RARP. Try `modprobe rarp' and then try the `rarp'
command again.

On systems using a Linux 2.4.x kernel, there is no RARP module, and
you should instead use the `rarpd' program. The procedure is similar
to that used under SunOS in the following paragraph.

Under SunOS, you need to ensure that the Ethernet hardware address for
the client is listed in the ``ethers'' database (either in the
`/etc/ethers' file, or via NIS/NIS+) and in the ``hosts'' database.
Then you need to start the RARP daemon. In SunOS 4, issue the command
(as root): `/usr/etc/rarpd -a'; in SunOS 5, use `/usr/sbin/rarpd -a'.

4.5.2. Setting up BOOTP server
------------------------------

There are two BOOTP servers available for GNU/Linux, the CMU `bootpd'
and the other is actually a DHCP server, ISC `dhcpd', which are
contained in the `bootp' and `dhcp' packages in Debian GNU/Linux.

To use CMU `bootpd', you must first uncomment (or add) the relevant
line in `/etc/inetd.conf'. On Debian GNU/Linux, you can run
`update-inetd --enable bootps', then `/etc/init.d/inetd reload' to do
so. Elsewhere, the line in question should look like:

bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/bootpd bootpd -i -t 120

Now, you must create an `/etc/bootptab' file. This has the same sort
of familiar and cryptic format as the good old BSD printcap(5),
termcap(5), and disktab(5) files. See the bootptab(5) manual page for
more information. For CMU `bootpd', you will need to know the
hardware (MAC) address of the client. Here is an example
`/etc/bootptab':

client:\
hd=/tftpboot:\
bf=tftpboot.img:\
ip=192.168.1.90:\
sm=255.255.255.0:\
sa=192.168.1.1:\
ha=0123456789AB:

You will need to change at least the "ha" option, which specifies the
hardware address of the client. The "bf" option specifies the file a
client should retrieve via TFTP; see Section 4.5.5, `Move TFTP Images
Into Place' for more details.

By contrast, setting up BOOTP with ISC `dhcpd' is really easy, because
it treats BOOTP clients as a moderately special case of DHCP clients.
Some architectures require a complex configuration for booting clients
via BOOTP. If yours is one of those, read the section Section 4.5.3,
`Setting up a DHCP server'. Otherwise, you will probably be able to
get away with simply adding the `allow bootp' directive to the
configuration block for the subnet containing the client, and restart
`dhcpd' with `/etc/init.d/dhcpd restart'.

4.5.3. Setting up a DHCP server
-------------------------------

At the time of this writing, there is only one DHCP server which is
free software, namely ISC `dhcpd'. In Debian GNU/Linux, this is
available in the `dhcp' package. Here is a sample configuration file
for it (usually `/etc/dhcpd.conf'):

option domain-name "example.com";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.com;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
server-name "servername";

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.253;
option routers 192.168.1.1;
}

host clientname {
filename "/tftpboot/tftpboot.img";
server-name "servername";
next-server servername;
hardware ethernet 01:23:45:67:89:AB;
fixed-address 192.168.1.90;
}

In this example, there is one server <"servername"> which performs all
of the work of DHCP, server, TFTP server, and network gateway. You
will almost certainly need to change the domain-name options, as well
as the server name and client hardware address. The <"filename">
option should be the name of the file which will be retrieved via
TFTP. After you have edited the `dhcpd' configuration file, restart
it with `/etc/init.d/dhcpd restart'.

4.5.4. Enabling the TFTP Server
-------------------------------

To get the TFTP server ready to go, you should first make sure that
`tftpd' is enabled. This is usually enabled by having the following
line in `/etc/inetd.conf':

tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/etc/in.tftpd in.tftpd /tftpboot

Look in that file and remember the directory which is used as the
argument of `in.tftpd'; you'll need that below. The `-l' argument
enables some versions of `in.tftpd' to log all requests to the system
logs; this is useful for diagnosing boot errors. If you've had to
change `/etc/inetd.conf', you'll have to notify the running `inetd'
process that the file has changed. On a Debian machine, run
`/etc/init.d/netbase reload' (for potato/2.2 and newer systems use
`/etc/init.d/inetd reload'); on other machines, find out the process
ID for `inetd', and run `kill -HUP <inetd-pid>'.

4.5.5. Move TFTP Images Into Place
----------------------------------

Next, place the TFTP boot image you need, as found in Section 11.2.3,
`Description of Installation System Files', in the `tftpd' boot image
directory. Generally, this directory will be `/tftpboot'. You'll
have to make a link from that file to the file which `tftpd' will use
for booting a particular client. Unfortunately, the file name is
determined by the TFTP client, and there are no strong standards.

Often, the file that the TFTP client will look for is
<client-ip-in-hexclient-architecture>. To compute <client-ip-in-hex>,
take each byte of the client IP address and translate it into
hexadecimal notation. If you have a machine handy with the `bc'
program, you can use the program. First issue the `obase=16' command
to set the output to hex, then enter the individual components of the
client IP one at a time. As for <client-architecture>, try out some
values.

_NOT YET WRITTEN_

4.5.6. Installing with TFTP and NFS Root
----------------------------------------

It is closer to "TFTP install for lowmem..." because you don't want
to load the RAMdisk anymore but boot from the newly created NFS-root
file system. You then need to replace the symlink to the tftpboot
image by a symlink to the kernel image (for example, `linux-a.out').
My experience on booting over the network was based exclusively on
RARP/TFTP which requires all daemons running on the same server (the
sparc workstation is sending a TFTP request back to the server that
replied to its previous RARP request). However, Linux supports BOOTP
protocol, too, but I don't know how to set it up :-(( Does it have to
be documented as well in this manual?

To boot the client machine, go to Section 5.5, `Booting from TFTP'.

4.6. Automatic Installation
---------------------------

For installing on multiple computers it's possible to use the fully
automatic installation called `FAI'. The Debian package `fai' has to
be installed on a computer called the install server. Then all
install clients boot from their network card or floppy disk and
automatically install Debian on their local disks.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Booting the Installation System
----------------------------------

Subject to limitations in some cases, you may boot the installation
system from a Debian GNU/Linux CD-ROM, floppy disks, a partition on a
hard disk, or from another machine via a local area network.

5.1. Boot Parameter Arguments
-----------------------------

Boot parameters are Linux kernel parameters which are generally used
to make sure that peripherals are dealt with properly. For the most
part, the kernel can auto-detect information about your peripherals.
However, in some cases you'll have to help the kernel a bit.

If you are booting from the rescue floppy or from CD-ROM you will be
presented with the boot prompt, `boot:'. Details about how to use
boot parameters with the rescue floppy can be found in Section 5.3,
`Booting from Floppies'. If you are booting from an existing
operating system, you'll have to use other means to set boot
parameters. For instance, if you are installing from DOS, you can
edit the `install.bat' file with any text editor.

Full information on boot parameters can be found in the Linux
BootPrompt HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO.html);
this section contains only a sketch of the most salient parameters.

If this is the first time you're booting the system, try the default
boot parameters (i.e., don't try setting arguments) and see if it
works correctly. It probably will. If not, you can reboot later and
look for any special parameters that inform the system about your
hardware.

When the kernel boots, a message
Memory:
<avail>k/<total>k available
should be emitted early in the process. <total> should match the
total amount of RAM, in kilobytes. If this doesn't match the actual
of RAM you have installed, you need to use the `mem=<ram>' parameter,
where <ram> is set to the amount of memory, suffixed with ``k'' for
kilobytes, or ``m'' for megabytes. For example, both `mem=65536k' and
`mem=64m' mean 64MB of RAM.

Some systems have floppies with ``inverted DCLs''. If you receive
errors reading from the floppy, even when you know the floppy is good,
try the parameter `floppy=thinkpad'.

On some systems, such as the IBM PS/1 or ValuePoint (which have ST-506
disk drivers), the IDE drive may not be properly recognized. Again,
try it first without the parameters and see if the IDE drive is
recognized properly. If not, determine your drive geometry
(cylinders, heads, and sectors), and use the parameter
`hd=<cylinders>,<heads>,<sectors>'.

If your monitor is only capable of black-and-white, use the `mono'
boot argument. Otherwise, your installation will use color, which is
the default.

If you are booting with a serial console, generally the kernel will
autodetect this . If you have a videocard (framebuffer) and a
keyboard also attached to the computer which you wish to boot via
serial console, you may have to pass the `console=<device>' argument
to the kernel, where <device> is your serial device, which is usually
something like ``ttyS0''.

Again, full details on boot parameters can be found in the Linux
BootPrompt HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/BootPrompt-HOWTO.html),
including tips for obscure hardware. Some common gotchas are included
below in Section 5.6, `Troubleshooting the Install Process'.

5.1.1. `dbootstrap' Arguments
-----------------------------

The installation system recognizes a few boot arguments which may be
useful. The effects of `quiet' and `verbose' are listed in Section
11.5, `Effects of Verbose and Quiet'.

quiet
This will cause the installation system to suppress confirmation
messages and try to do the right thing without fuss. If you are
familiar and comfortable with what the installation system is
going to expect, this is a nice option to quieten the process.

verbose
Ask even more questions than usual.

debug
Emit additional debug messages to the installation system log
(see Section 5.7.1, `Using the Shell and Viewing the Logs'),
including every command run.

bootkbd=<...>
Pre-select the keyboard you want to use, e.g.,
`bootkbd=qwerty/us'

mono
Use monochrome rather than color mode.

nolangchooser
Some architectures use the kernel framebuffer to offer
installation in a number of languages. If framebuffer causes a
problem on your system you can use this option to disable the
feature.

5.2. Booting from a CD-ROM
--------------------------

The easiest route for most people will be to use a set of Debian CDs
(http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/). If you have a CD set, and if
your machine supports booting directly off the CD, great! Simply
configure your system for booting off a CD as described in Section
3.7.2, `Boot Device Selection', insert your CD, reboot, and proceed to
the next chapter.

You may need to configure your hardware as indicated in Section 3.7.2,
`Boot Device Selection'. Then put the CD-ROM into the drive, and
reboot. The system should boot up, and you should be presented with
the `boot:' prompt. Here you can enter your boot arguments, or just
hit _enter_.

CD #1 of official Debian CD-ROM sets for Intel x86 will present a
`boot:' prompt on most hardware. Press `F3' to see the list of kernel
options available from which to boot. Just type your chosen flavor
name (idepci, vanilla, compact, bf24) at the `boot:' prompt followed
by return.

If your hardware doesn't support booting of multiple images, put one
of the other CDs in the drive. It appears that most SCSI CD-ROM
drives do not support `isolinux' multiple image booting, so users with
SCSI CD-ROMs should try either CD2 (vanilla) or CD3 (compact), or CD5
(bf2.4).

CD's 2 through 5 will each boot a different ``flavor'' depending on
which CD-ROM is inserted. See Section 4.2.2, `Choosing the Right
Installation Set' for a discussion of the different flavors. Here's
how the flavors are laid out on the different CD-ROMs:

CD 1
Allows a selection of kernel images to boot from (the idepci
flavor is the default if no selection is made).

CD 2
Boots the `vanilla' flavor.

CD 3
Boots the `compact' flavor.

CD 4
Boots the `idepci' flavor.

CD 5
Boots the `bf2.4' flavor.

If your system can't boot directly from CD-ROM, or you simply can't
seem to get it to work, don't despair; you can simply run
`E:\install\boot.bat' under DOS (replace `E:' with whatever drive
letter DOS assigns to your CD-ROM drive) to start the installation
process. Then, skip down to Chapter 8, `Booting Into Your New Debian
System'.

Also, if you're going to be installing from a FAT (DOS) partition, you
have the option of booting the installer from the hard disk. See
Section 5.4.1, `Booting from a DOS partition' below for more
information on installing via this method.

Note that certain CD drives may require special drivers, and thus be
inaccessible in the early installation stages. If it turns out the
standard way of booting off a CD doesn't work for your hardware,
revisit this chapter and read about alternate kernels and installation
methods which may work for you.

Even if you cannot boot from CD-ROM, you can probably install the
Debian system components and any packages you want from CD-ROM.
Simply boot using a different media, such as floppies. When it's time
to install the operating system, base system, and any additional
packages, point the installation system at the CD-ROM drive.

If you have problems booting, see Section 5.6, `Troubleshooting the
Install Process'.

5.3. Booting from Floppies
--------------------------

Booting from floppies is supported for Intel x86.

You will have already downloaded the floppy images you needed and
created floppies from the images in Section 4.3, `Creating Floppies
from Disk Images'. If you need to, you can also modify the rescue
floppy; see Section 10.3, `Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel'.

Booting from the rescue floppy is easy: place the rescue floppy in the
primary floppy drive, and shut down the system as you normally would,
then turn it back on.

Note that on some machines, `Control-Alt-Delete' does not properly
reset the machine, so a ``hard'' reboot is recommended. If you are
installing from an existing operating system (e.g., from a DOS box)
you don't have a choice. Otherwise, please do a hard reboot when
booting.

The floppy disk will be accessed, and you should then see a screen
that introduces the rescue floppy and ends with the `boot:' prompt.

If you are using an alternative way to boot the system, follow the
instructions, and wait for the `boot:' prompt to come up. If you boot
from floppies smaller than 1.44MB, or, in fact, whenever you boot from
floppy on your architecture, you have to use a ramdisk boot method,
and you will need the Root Disk.

You can do two things at the `boot:' prompt. You can press the
function keys _F1_ through _F10_ to view a few pages of helpful
information, or you can boot the system.

Information on boot parameters which might be useful can be found by
pressing _F4_ and _F5_. If you add any parameters to the boot command
line, be sure to type the boot method (the default is `linux') and a
space before the first parameter (e.g., `linux floppy=thinkpad'). If
you simply press _Enter_, that's the same as typing `linux' without
any special parameters.

The disk is called the rescue floppy because you can use it to boot
your system and perform repairs if there is ever a problem that makes
your hard disk unbootable. Thus, you should save this floppy after
you've installed your system. Pressing _F3_ will give further
information on how to use the rescue floppy.

Once you press _Enter_, you should see the message `Loading...',
followed by `Uncompressing Linux...', and then a screenful or so of
information about the hardware in your system. More information on
this phase of the boot process can be found below in Section 5.6.3,
`Interpreting the Kernel Startup Messages'.

If you choose a non-default boot method, e.g., ``ramdisk'' or
``floppy'', you will be prompted to insert the Root Floppy. Insert
the Root Floppy into the first disk drive and press _Enter_. (If you
choose floppy1 insert the Root Floppy into the second disk drive.)

After booting from the rescue floppy, the root floppy is requested.
Insert the root floppy and press _Enter_, and the contents are loaded
into memory. The installer program `dbootstrap' is automatically
launched.

If you have problems booting, see Section 5.6, `Troubleshooting the
Install Process'.

5.4. Booting From a Hard Disk
-----------------------------

Booting from an existing operating system is often a convenient
option; for some systems it is the only supported method of
installation.

To boot the installer from hard disk, you will have already completed
downloading and placing the needed files in Section 4.4, `Preparing
Files for Hard Disk Booting'.

5.4.1. Booting from a DOS partition
-----------------------------------

Boot into DOS (not Windows) without any drivers being loaded. To do
this, you have to press _F8_ at exactly the right moment (and
optionally select the `safe mode command prompt only' option). Enter
the subdirectory for the flavor you chose, e.g.,
cd c:\current\compact
. Next, execute `install.bat'. The kernel will load and launch the
installer system.

Please note, there is currently a loadlin problem (#142421) which
precludes `install.bat' from being used with the bf2.4 flavor. The
symptom of the problem is an `invalid compressed format' error.

5.5. Booting from TFTP
----------------------

Booting from the network requires that you have a network connection
supported by the boot floppies, including either a static network
address or a DHCP server, a RARP or a BOOTP server, and a TFTP server.
The installation method to support TFTP booting is described in
Section 4.5, `Preparing Files for TFTP Net Booting'.

5.6. Troubleshooting the Install Process
----------------------------------------

5.6.1. Floppy Disk Reliability
------------------------------

The biggest problem for people installing Debian for the first time
seems to be floppy disk reliability.

The rescue floppy is the floppy with the worst problems, because it is
read by the hardware directly, before Linux boots. Often, the
hardware doesn't read as reliably as the Linux floppy disk driver, and
may just stop without printing an error message if it reads incorrect
data. There can also be failures in the Driver Floppies most of which
indicate themselves with a flood of messages about disk I/O errors.

If you are having the installation stall at a particular floppy, the
first thing you should do is re-download the floppy disk image and
write it to a _different_ floppy. Simply reformatting the old floppy
may not be sufficient, even if it appears that the floppy was
reformatted and written with no errors. It is sometimes useful to try
writing the floppy on a different system.

One user reports he had to write the images to floppy _three_ times
before one worked, and then everything was fine with the third floppy.

Other users have reported that simply rebooting a few times with the
same floppy in the floppy drive can lead to a successful boot. This
is all due to buggy hardware or firmware floppy drivers.

5.6.2. Boot Configuration
-------------------------

If you have problems and the kernel hangs during the boot process,
doesn't recognize peripherals you actually have, or drives are not
recognized properly, the first thing to check is the boot parameters,
as discussed in Section 5.1, `Boot Parameter Arguments'.

If you are booting with your own kernel instead of the one supplied
with the installer, be sure that `CONFIG_DEVFS' is not set in your
kernel. The installer is not compatible with `CONFIG_DEVFS'.

Often, problems can be solved by removing add-ons and peripherals, and
then trying booting again. Internal modems, sound cards, and
Plug-n-Play devices can be especially problematic.

There are, however, some limitations in our boot floppy set with
respect to supported hardware. Some Linux-supported platforms might
not be directly supported by our boot floppies. If this is the case,
you may have to create a custom rescue disk (see Section 10.3,
`Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel'), or investigate network
installations.

If you have a large amount of memory installed in your machine, more
than 512M, and the installer hangs when booting the kernel, you may
need to include a boot argument to limit the amount of memory the
kernel sees, such as `mem=512m'.

If you have a very old machine, and the kernel hangs after saying
`Checking 'hlt' instruction...', then you should try the `no-hlt' boot
argument, which disables this test.

5.6.3. Interpreting the Kernel Startup Messages
-----------------------------------------------

During the boot sequence, you may see many messages in the form `can't
find something', or `something not present', `can't initialize
something', or even `this driver release depends on something'. Most
of these messages are harmless. You see them because the kernel for
the installation system is built to run on computers with many
different peripheral devices. Obviously, no one computer will have
every possible peripheral device, so the operating system may emit a
few complaints while it looks for peripherals you don't own. You may
also see the system pause for a while. This happens when it is
waiting for a device to respond, and that device is not present on
your system. If you find the time it takes to boot the system
unacceptably long, you can create a custom kernel later (see Section
9.6, `Compiling a New Kernel').

5.6.4. `dbootstrap' Problem Report
----------------------------------

If you get through the initial boot phase but cannot complete the
install, `dbootstrap''s 'Report a Problem' menu choice may be helpful.
It creates `dbg_log.tgz' on a floppy, hard disk or nfs-mounted
filesystem. `dbg_log.tgz' details the system's state
(`/var/log/messages', `/proc/cpuinfo' etc.). `dbg_log.tgz' may
provide clues as to what went wrong and how to fix it. If you are
submitting a bug report you may want to attach this file to the bug
report.

5.6.5. Submitting Bug Reports
-----------------------------

If you still have problems, please submit a bug report. Send an email
to <submit@bugs.debian.org>. You _must_ include the following as the
first lines of the email:

Package: boot-floppies
Version: <version>

Make sure you fill in <version> with the version of the boot-floppies
set that you used. If you don't know the _version_, use the date you
downloaded the floppies, and include the distribution you got them
from (e.g., ``stable'', ``frozen'', ``woody'').

You should also include the following information in your bug report:

flavor: <flavor of image you are using>
architecture: i386
model: <your general hardware vendor and model>
memory: <amount of RAM>
scsi: <SCSI host adapter, if any>
cd-rom: <CD-ROM model and interface type, e.g., ATAPI>
network card: <network interface card, if any>
pcmcia: <details of any PCMCIA devices>

Depending on the nature of the bug, it also might be useful to report
whether you are installing to IDE or SCSI disks, other peripheral
devices such as audio, disk capacity, and the model of video card.

In the bug report, describe what the problem is, including the last
visible kernel messages in the event of a kernel hang. Describe the
steps that you did which brought the system into the problem state.

5.7. Introduction to `dbootstrap'
---------------------------------

`dbootstrap' is the name of the program which is run after you have
booted into the installation system. It is responsible for initial
system configuration and the installation of the ``base system''.

The main job of `dbootstrap', and the main purpose of your initial
system configuration, is to configure essential elements of your
system. For instance, you may need to use certain ``kernel modules'',
drivers which are linked into the kernel. These modules include
storage hardware drivers, network drivers, special language support,
and support for other peripherals which are not automatically built in
to the kernel you are using.

Disk partitioning, disk formatting, and networking setup are also
facilitated by `dbootstrap'. This fundamental setup is done first,
since it is often necessary for the proper functioning of your system.

`dbootstrap' is a simple, character-based application, designed for
maximum compatibility in all situations (such as installation over a
serial line). It is very easy to use. It will guide you through each
step of the installation process in a linear fashion. You can also go
back and repeat steps if you find you have made a mistake.

To navigate within `dbootstrap', use:

* The right arrow or Tab key to move `forward', and left arrow or
Shift-Tab to move `backward' between buttons and selections in
the current screen.

* The up and down arrow to select different items within a
scrollable list, and to scroll the list itself.

* The space bar to select an item such as a checkbox.

* The _Enter_ to activate choices.

5.7.1. Using the Shell and Viewing the Logs
-------------------------------------------

If you are an experienced Unix or Linux user, press _Left Alt-F2_ to
get to the second _virtual console_. That's the _Alt_ key on the
left-hand side of the space bar, and the _F2_ function key, at the
same time. This is a separate window running a Bourne shell clone
called `ash'. At this point you are booted from the RAM disk, and
there is a limited set of Unix utilities available for your use. You
can see what programs are available with the command `ls /bin /sbin
/usr/bin /usr/sbin'. Use the menus to perform any task that they are
able to do --- the shell and commands are only there in case something
goes wrong. In particular, you should always use the menus, not the
shell, to activate your swap partition, because the menu software
can't detect that you've done this from the shell. Press _Left
Alt-F1_ to get back to menus. Linux provides up to 64 virtual
consoles, although the rescue floppy only uses a few of them.

Error messages are redirected to the third virtual terminal (known as
`tty3'). You can access this terminal by pressing _Left Alt-F3_ (hold
the _Alt_ key while pressing the _F3_ function key); get back to
`dbootstrap' with _Left Alt-F1_.

These messages can also be found in `/var/log/messages'. After
installation, this log is copied to `/var/log/installer.log' on your
new system.

During the Base installation, package unpacking and setup messages are
redirected to `tty4'. You can access this terminal by pressing _Left
Alt-F4_; get back to `dbootstrap' with _Left Alt-F1_.

The unpack/setup messages generated by debootstrap are saved in
`/target/tmp/debootstrap.log' when the installation is performed over
a serial console.

5.8. ``Choose The Language''
----------------------------

Your architecture supports the new internationalization features.
Therefore, as the first step of the installation, select the language
in which you want the installation process to take place.

Some languages have variants available, and will therefore prompt you
to ``Choose Language Variant'' after picking your language. Pick
whichever variant applies to your geographic region.

The answers you provided in the previous two questions will be used to
pick the language which the installer will use, will try to set a
suitable keyboard layout, and, later in the process, will be used to
pick the default Debian Mirror Server for your probably geographic
location. However, you can also override these settings if you
choose.

5.9. ``Release Notes''
----------------------

The first screen after ``Choose the Language'' that `dbootstrap' will
present you with is the ``Release Notes''. This screen presents the
version information for the `boot-floppies' software you are using,
and gives a brief introduction to Debian developers.

5.10. ``Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu''
-------------------------------------------------

You may see a dialog box that says ``The installation program is
determining the current state of your system and the next installation
step that should be performed.''. On some systems, this will go by
too quickly to read. You'll see this dialog box between steps in the
main menu. The installation program, `dbootstrap', will check the
state of the system in between each step. This checking allows you to
re-start the installation without losing the work you have already
done, in case you happen to halt your system in the middle of the
installation process. If you have to restart an installation, you
will have to configure your keyboard, re-activate your swap partition,
and re-mount any disks that have been initialized. Anything else that
you have done with the installation system will be saved.

During the entire installation process, you will be presented with the
main menu, entitled ``Debian GNU/Linux Installation Main Menu''. The
choices at the top of the menu will change to indicate your progress
in installing the system. Phil Hughes wrote in the Linux Journal
(http://www.linuxjournal.com/) that you could teach a _chicken_ to
install Debian! He meant that the installation process was mostly
just _pecking_ at the _Enter_ key. The first choice on the
installation menu is the next action that you should perform according
to what the system detects you have already done. It should say
``Next'', and at this point the next step in installing the system
will be taken.

5.11. ``Configure the Keyboard''
--------------------------------

Make sure the highlight is on the ``Next'' item, and press _Enter_ to
go to the keyboard configuration menu. Select a keyboard that
conforms to the layout used for your national language, or select
something close if the keyboard layout you want isn't represented.
Once the system installation is complete, you'll be able to select a
keyboard layout from a wider range of choices (run `kbdconfig' as root
when you have completed the installation).

Move the highlight to the keyboard selection you desire and press
_Enter_. Use the arrow keys to move the highlight --- they are in the
same place in all national language keyboard layouts, so they are
independent of the keyboard configuration. An 'extended' keyboard is
one with F1 through F10 keys along the top row.

If you are installing a diskless workstation, the next few steps will
be skipped, since there are no local disks to partition. In that
case, your next step will be Section 7.7, ```Configure the Network'''.
After that, you will be prompted to mount your NFS root partition in
Section 6.9, ```Mount a Previously-Initialized Partition'''.

5.12. Last Chance!
------------------

Did we tell you to back up your disks? Here's your last chance to
save your old system. If you haven't backed up all of your disks,
remove the floppy from the drive, reset the system, and run backups.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Partitioning for Debian
--------------------------

The ``Partition a Hard Disk'' menu item presents you with a list of
disk drives you can partition, and runs a partitioning application.
You must create at least one ``Linux native'' (type 83) disk
partition, and you probably want at least one ``Linux swap'' (type 82)
partition.

6.1. Deciding on Debian Partitions and Sizes
--------------------------------------------

At a bare minimum, GNU/Linux needs one partition for itself. You can
have a single partition containing the entire operating system,
applications, and your personal files. Most people feel that a
separate swap partition is also a necessity, although it's not
strictly true. ``Swap'' is scratch space for an operating system,
which allows the system to use disk storage as ``virtual memory''. By
putting swap on a separate partition, Linux can make much more
efficient use of it. It is possible to force Linux to use a regular
file as swap, but it is not recommended.

Most people choose to give GNU/Linux more than the minimum number of
partitions, however. There are two reasons you might want to break up
the file system into a number of smaller partitions. The first is for
safety. If something happens to corrupt the file system, generally
only one partition is affected. Thus, you only have to replace (from
the backups you've been carefully keeping) a portion of your system.
At a bare minimum, you should consider creating what is commonly
called a ``root partition''. This contains the most essential
components of the system. If any other partitions get corrupted, you
can still boot into GNU/Linux to fix the system. This can save you
the trouble of having to reinstall the system from scratch.

The second reason is generally more important in a business setting,
but it really depends on your use of the machine. Suppose something
runs out of control and starts eating disk space. If the process
causing the problem happens to have root privileges (the system keeps
a percentage of the disk away from users), you could suddenly find
yourself out of disk space. This is not good as the OS needs to use
real files (besides swap space) for many things. It may not even be a
problem of local origin. For example, getting spammed with e-mail can
easily fill a partition. By using more partitions, you protect the
system from many of these problems. Using mail as an example again,
by putting `/var/mail' on its own partition, the bulk of the system
will work even if you get spammed.

The only real drawback to using more partitions is that it is often
difficult to know in advance what your needs will be. If you make a
partition too small then you will either have to reinstall the system
or you will be constantly moving things around to make room in the
undersized partition. On the other hand, if you make the partition
too big, you will be wasting space that could be used elsewhere. Disk
space is cheap nowadays, but why throw your money away?

6.2. The Directory Tree
-----------------------

Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) for directory and file naming. This
standard allows users and software programs to predict the location of
files and directories. The root level directory is represented simply
by the slash `/'. At the root level, all Debian systems include these
directories:

bin Essential command binaries
boot Static files of the boot loader
dev Device files
etc Host-specific system configuration
home User home directories
lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
mnt Mount point for mounting a file system temporarily
proc Virtual directory for system information
root Home directory for the root user
sbin Essential system binaries
tmp Temporary files
usr Secondary hierarchy
var Variable data
opt Add-on application software packages

The following is a list of important considerations regarding
directories and partitions.

* The root partition `/' must always physically contain `/etc',
`/bin', `/sbin', `/lib' and `/dev', otherwise you won't be able
to boot. Typically 100 MB is needed for the root partition, but
this may vary.

* `/usr': all user programs (`/usr/bin'), libraries (`/usr/lib'),
documentation (`/usr/share/doc'), etc., are in this directory.
This part of the file system needs most of the space. You should
provide at least 500 MB of disk space. If you want to install
more packages you should increase the amount of space you give
this directory.

* `/home': every user will put his data into a subdirectory of this
directory. The size of this depends on how many users will be
using the system and what files are to be stored in their
directories. Depending on your planned usage you should reserve
about 100 MB for each user, but adapt this value to your needs.

* `/var': all variable data like news articles, e-mails, web sites,
APT's cache, etc. will be placed under this directory. The size
of this directory depends greatly on the usage of your computer,
but for most people will be dictated by the package management
tool's overhead. If you are going to do a full installation of
just about everything Debian has to offer, all in one session,
setting aside 2 or 3 gigabytes of space for `/var' should be
sufficient. If you are going to install in pieces (that is to
say, install services and utilities, followed by text stuff, then
X, ...), you can get away with 300 - 500 megabytes of in `/var'.
If hard drive space is at a premium and you don't plan on using
APT, at least not for major updates, you can get by with as
little as 30 or 40 megabytes in `/var'.

* `/tmp': if a program creates temporary data it will most likely
go in `/tmp'. 20-50 MB should be usually enough.

6.3. PC Disk Limitations
------------------------

The PC BIOS generally adds additional constraints for disk
partitioning. There is a limit to how many ``primary'' and
``logical'' partitions a drive can contain. Additionally, with pre
1994-98 BIOS, there are limits to where on the drive the BIOS can boot
from. More information can be found in the Linux Partition HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Partition/) and the Phoenix BIOS FAQ
(http://www.phoenix.com/pcuser/BIOS/biosfaq2.htm), but this section
will include a brief overview to help you plan most situations.

``Primary'' partitions are the original partitioning scheme for PC
disks. However, there can only be four of them. To get past this
limitation, ``extended'' and ``logical'' partitions were invented. By
setting one of your primary partitions as an extended partition, you
can subdivide all the space allocated to that partition into logical
partitions. You can create up to 60 logical partitions per extended
partition; however, you can only have one extended partition per
drive.

Linux limits the partitions per drive to 15 partitions for SCSI disks
(3 usable primary partitions, 12 logical partitions), and 63
partitions on an IDE drive (3 usable primary partitions, 60 logical
partitions).

If you have a large IDE disk, and are using neither LBA addressing,
nor overlay drivers (sometimes provided by hard disk manufacturers),
then the boot partition (the partition containing your kernel image)
must be placed within the first 1024 cylinders of your hard drive
(usually around 524 megabytes, without BIOS translation).

This restriction doesn't apply if you have a BIOS newer than around
1995-98 (depending on the manufacturer) that supports the ``Enhanced
Disk Drive Support Specification''. Both Lilo, the Linux loader, and
Debian's alternative `mbr' must use the BIOS to read the kernel from
the disk into RAM. If the BIOS int 0x13 large disk access extensions
are found to be present, they will be utilized. Otherwise, the legacy
disk access interface is used as a fall-back, and it cannot be used to
address any location on the disk higher than the 1023rd cylinder.
Once Linux is booted, no matter what BIOS your computer has, these
restrictions no longer apply, since Linux does not use the BIOS for
disk access.

If you have a large disk, you might have to use cylinder translation
techniques, which you can set from your BIOS setup program, such as
LBA (Logical Block Addressing) or CHS translation mode (``Large'').
More information about issues with large disks can be found in the
Large Disk HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Large-Disk-HOWTO.html).
If you are using a cylinder translation scheme, and the BIOS does not
support the large disk access extensions, then your boot partition has
to fit within the _translated_ representation of the 1024th cylinder.

The recommended way of accomplishing this is to create a small (5-10MB
should suffice) partition at the beginning of the disk to be used as
the boot partition, and then create whatever other partitions you wish
to have, in the remaining area. This boot partition _must_ be mounted
on `/boot', since that is the directory where the Linux kernel(s) will
be stored. This configuration will work on any system, regardless of
whether LBA or large disk CHS translation is used, and regardless of
whether your BIOS supports the large disk access extensions.

6.4. Recommended Partitioning Scheme
------------------------------------

For new users, personal Debian boxes, home systems, and other
single-user setups, a single `/' partition (plus swap) is probably the
easiest, simplest way to go. It is possible to have problems with
this idea, though, with larger (20GB) disks. Based on limitations in
how ext2 works, avoid any single partition greater than 6GB or so.

For multi-user systems, it's best to put `/usr', `/var', `/tmp', and
`/home' each on their own partitions separate from the `/' partition.

You might need a separate `/usr/local' partition if you plan to
install many programs that are not part of the Debian distribution.
If your machine will be a mail server, you might need to make
`/var/mail' a separate partition. Often, putting `/tmp' on its own
partition, for instance 20 to 50MB, is a good idea. If you are
setting up a server with lots of user accounts, it's generally good to
have a separate, large `/home' partition. In general, the
partitioning situation varies from computer to computer depending on
its uses.

For very complex systems, you should see the Multi Disk HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Multi-Disk-HOWTO.html). This contains
in-depth information, mostly of interest to ISPs and people setting up
servers.

With respect to the issue of swap partition size, there are many
views. One rule of thumb which works well is to use as much swap as
you have system memory. It also shouldn't be smaller than 16MB, in
most cases. Of course, there are exceptions to these rules. If you
are trying to solve 10000 simultaneous equations on a machine with
256MB of memory, you may need a gigabyte (or more) of swap.

On 32-bit architectures (i386, m68k, 32-bit SPARC, and PowerPC), the
maximum size of a swap partition is 2GB (on Alpha and SPARC64, it's so
large as to be virtually unlimited). This should be enough for nearly
any installation. However, if your swap requirements are this high,
you should probably try to spread the swap across different disks
(also called ``spindles'') and, if possible, different SCSI or IDE
channels. The kernel will balance swap usage between multiple swap
partitions, giving better performance.

As an example, one of the authors' home machine has 32MB of RAM and a
1.7GB IDE drive on `/dev/hda'. There is a 500MB partition for another
operating system on `/dev/hda1' (should have made it 200MB as it never
gets used). A 32MB swap partition is used on `/dev/hda3' and the rest
(about 1.2GB on `/dev/hda2') is the Linux partition.

For more examples, see Partitioning Strategies
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Partition/partition-5.html#SUBMITTED).
For an idea of the space taken by tasks you might be interested in
adding after your system installation is complete, check Section 11.4,
`Disk Space Needed for Tasks'.

6.5. Device Names in Linux
--------------------------

Linux disks and partition names may be different from other operating
systems. You need to know the names that Linux uses when you create
and mount partitions. Here's the basic naming scheme:

* The first floppy drive is named ``/dev/fd0''.

* The second floppy drive is named ``/dev/fd1''.

* The first SCSI disk (SCSI ID address-wise) is named ``/dev/sda''.

* The second SCSI disk (address-wise) is named ``/dev/sdb'', and so
on.

* The first SCSI CD-ROM is named ``/dev/scd0'', also known as
``/dev/sr0''.

* The master disk on IDE primary controller is named ``/dev/hda''.

* The slave disk on IDE primary controller is named ``/dev/hdb''.

* The master and slave disks of the secondary controller can be
called ``/dev/hdc'' and ``/dev/hdd'', respectively. Newer IDE
controllers can actually have two channels, effectively acting
like two controllers.

* The first XT disk is named ``/dev/xda''.

* The second XT disk is named ``/dev/xdb''.

The partitions on each disk are represented by appending a decimal
number to the disk name: ``sda1'' and ``sda2'' represent the first and
second partitions of the first SCSI disk drive in your system.

Here is a real-life example. Let's assume you have a system with 2
SCSI disks, one at SCSI address 2 and the other at SCSI address 4.
The first disk (at address 2) is then named ``sda'', and the second
``sdb''. If the ``sda'' drive has 3 partitions on it, these will be
named ``sda1'', ``sda2'', and ``sda3''. The same applies to the
``sdb'' disk and its partitions.

Note that if you have two SCSI host bus adapters (i.e., controllers),
the order of the drives can get confusing. The best solution in this
case is to watch the boot messages, assuming you know the drive models
and/or capacities.

Linux represents the primary partitions as the drive name, plus the
numbers 1 through 4. For example, the first primary partition on the
first IDE drive is `/dev/hda1'. The logical partitions are numbered
starting at 5, so the first logical partition on that same drive is
`/dev/hda5'. Remember that the extended partition, that is, the
primary partition holding the logical partitions, is not usable by
itself. This applies to SCSI disks as well as IDE disks.

6.6. Debian Partitioning Programs
---------------------------------

Several varieties of partitioning programs have been adapted by Debian
developers to work on various types of hard disks and computer
architectures. Following is a list of the program(s) applicable for
your architecture.

`fdisk'
The original Linux disk partitioner, good for gurus; read the
fdisk manual page (fdisk.txt).

Be careful if you have existing FreeBSD partitions on your
machine. The installation kernels include support for these
partitions, but the way that `fdisk' represents them (or not) can
make the device names differ. See the Linux+FreeBSD HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Linux+FreeBSD-2.html).

`cfdisk'
A simple-to-use, full-screen disk partitioner for the rest of us;
read the cfdisk manual page (cfdisk.txt).

Note that `cfdisk' doesn't understand FreeBSD partitions at all,
and, again, device names may differ as a result.

One of these programs will be run by default when you select
``Partition a Hard Disk''. If the one which is run by default isn't
the one you want, quit the partitioner, go to the shell (`tty2') by
pressing `Alt' and `F2' keys together, and manually type in the name
of the program you want to use (and arguments, if any). Then skip the
``Partition a Hard Disk'' step in `dbootstrap' and continue to the
next step.

Remember to mark your boot partition as ``Bootable''.

6.7. ``Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition''
-------------------------------------------------

This will be the next step once you have created disk partitions. You
have the choice of initializing and activating a new swap partition,
activating a previously-initialized one, or doing without a swap
partition. It's always permissible to re-initialize a swap partition,
so select ``Initialize and Activate a Swap Partition'' unless you are
sure you know what you are doing.

This menu choice will first present you with a dialog box reading
``Please select the partition to activate as a swap device.''. The
default device presented should be the swap partition you've already
set up; if so, just press _Enter_.

Next, there is a confirmation message, since initialization destroys
any data previously on the partition. If all is well, select ``Yes''.
The screen will flash as the initialization program runs.

A swap partition is strongly recommended, but you can do without one
if you insist, and if your system has more than 12MB RAM. If you wish
to do this, please select the ``Do Without a Swap Partition'' item
from the menu.

6.8. ``Initialize a Linux Partition''
-------------------------------------

At this point, the next menu item presented should be ``Initialize a
Linux Partition''. If it isn't, it is because you haven't completed
the disk partitioning process, or you haven't made one of the menu
choices dealing with your swap partition.

You can initialize a Linux partition, or alternately you can mount a
previously-initialized one. Note that `dbootstrap' will _not_ upgrade
an old system without destroying it. If you're upgrading, Debian can
usually upgrade itself, and you won't need to use `dbootstrap'. For
help on upgrading to Debian 3.0, see the upgrade instructions
(http://www.debian.org/releases/woody/i386/release-notes/).

Thus, if you are using old disk partitions that are not empty, i.e.,
if you want to just throw away what is on them, you should initialize
them (which erases all files). Moreover, you must initialize any
partitions that you created in the disk partitioning step. About the
only reason to mount a partition without initializing it at this point
would be to mount a partition upon which you have already performed
some part of the installation process using this same set of
installation floppies.

Select ``Initialize a Linux Partition'' to initialize and mount the
`/' disk partition. The first partition that you mount or initialize
will be the one mounted as `/' (pronounced ``root'').

You will be asked whether to preserve ``Pre-2.2 Linux Kernel
Compatibility?''. Saying ``No'' here means that you cannot run 2.0 or
earlier Linux kernels on your system, since the file systems enable
some features not supported in the 2.0 kernel. If you know you'll
never need to run a 2.0 or earlier vintage kernel, then you can
achieve some minor benefits by saying ``No'' here.

You will also be asked about whether to scan for bad blocks. The
default here is to skip the bad block scan, since the scan can be time
consuming, and modern disk drive controllers internally detect and
deal with bad blocks. However, if you are at all unsure about the
quality of your disk drive, or if you have a rather old system, you
should probably do the bad block scan.

The next prompts are just confirmation steps. You will be asked to
confirm your action, since initializing is destructive to any data on
the partition, and you will be informed that the partition is being
mounted as `/', the root partition.[1]

Once you've mounted the `/' partition, if you have additional file
systems that you wish to initialize and mount, you should use the
``Alternate'' menu item. This is for those who have created separate
partitions for `/boot', `/var', `/usr' or others, which ought to be
initialized and mounted at this time.

[1] Technically, it's being mounted at `/target'; when you reboot into the
system itself, that will become `/'.

6.9. ``Mount a Previously-Initialized Partition''
-------------------------------------------------

An alternative to Section 6.8, ```Initialize a Linux Partition''' is
the ``Mount a Previously-Initialized Partition'' step. Use this if
you are resuming an installation that was broken off, or if you want
to mount partitions that have already been initialized or have data on
it which you wish to preserve.

If you are installing a diskless workstation, at this point, you want
to NFS mount your root partition from the remote NFS server. Specify
the path to the NFS server in standard NFS syntax, namely,

<server-name-or-IP>:<server-share-path>

. If you need to mount additional file systems as well, you can do
that at this time.

If you have not already setup your network as described in Section
7.7, ```Configure the Network''', then selecting an NFS install will
prompt you to do so.

6.10. Mounting Partitions Not Supported by `dbootstrap'
-------------------------------------------------------

In some special situations, `dbootstrap' might not know how to mount
your file systems (whether root or otherwise). It may be possible, if
you're an experienced GNU/Linux user, to simply go to `tty2' by
pressing `Alt' and `F2' keys together, and manually run the commands
you need to run in order to mount the partition in question.

If you are mounting a root partition for your new system, just mount
it to `/target', the go back to dbootstrap and continue (perhaps
running the ``View the Partition Table'' step to cause `dbootstrap' to
re-compute where it is in the installation process.

For non-root partitions, you'll have to remember to manually modify
your new `fstab' file so that when you reboot the partition will be
mounted. Wait for that file (`/target/etc/fstab') to be written by
`dbootstrap', of course, before editing it.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Installing the Kernel and Base Operating System
--------------------------------------------------

7.1. ``Install Kernel and Driver Modules''
------------------------------------------

The next step is to install a kernel and kernel modules onto your new
system.

You will be offered a menu of devices from which you can install the
kernel, and an option to install using the network. You can use any
available device, you are not restricted to using the same media you
used to mount (see Chapter 4, `Obtaining System Installation Media').

Note that the options presented to you will vary based on what
hardware `dbootstrap' has detected. If you are installing from an
official CD-ROM, the software should do the right thing automatically,
not even prompting you for a device to install from (unless you boot
with the `verbose' argument). When prompted for the CD-ROM, be sure
to insert the first CD-ROM in the drive.

If you are installing from a local file system, you have a choice
between two options. Select ``hard disk'' if the disk partition is
not yet mounted; select ``mounted'' if it is. In both cases, the
system will first look for some files in
`dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current'. If it doesn't find those
files, you will be prompted to ``Select Debian Archive path'' --- this
is the directory within the disk where you have placed the required
installation files. If you have a Debian archive mirrored locally,
you can use that by giving the directory where that exists, which is
often `/archive/debian'. Such archives are characterized by directory
structures such as `debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current'. You
can type in the path manually, or use the `<...>' button to browse
through the file system tree.

Continuing the discussion on installation from a local disk or similar
medium (such as NFS), you will next be prompted for the actual
directory containing the needed files (which may be based on your
subarchitecture). Note that the system may be quite insistent that
the files appear in the precise location indicated, including the
subdirectories, if any. See the logs in tty3 (see Section 5.7.1,
`Using the Shell and Viewing the Logs') where `dbootstrap' will log
the location of the files it's looking for.

If the ``default'' option appears, then you should use that.
Otherwise, try the ``list'' option to let `dbootstrap' try to find the
actual files on its own (but note that this can be very slow if you're
mounting over NFS). As a last resort, use the ``manual'' option to
specify the directory manually.

If you're installing from floppies, you'll need to feed in the rescue
floppy (which is probably already in the drive), followed by the
driver floppies.

If you wish to install the kernel and modules over the network, you
can do this using the ``network'' (HTTP) or ``NFS'' options. Your
networking interfaces must be supported by the standard kernel (see
Section 2.5, `Peripherals and Other Hardware'). If these ``NFS''
options don't appear, you need to select ``Cancel'', then go back and
select the ``Configure the Network'' step (see Section 7.7,
```Configure the Network'''), and then re-run this step.

7.2. NFS
--------

Select the ``NFS'' option, and then tell `dbootstrap' your NFS server
name and path. Assuming you've put the rescue floppy and driver
floppies images on the NFS server in the proper location, these files
should be available to you for installing the kernel and modules. The
NFS file system will be mounted under `/instmnt'. Select the location
of the files as for ``hard disk'' or ``mounted''.

7.3. Network
------------

Select the ``network'' option, and then tell `dbootstrap' the URL and
path to the Debian archive. The default will usually work fine, and
in any case, the path part is probably correct for any official Debian
mirror, even if you edit the server part. You may choose to pull the
files in through a proxy server; just enter the server _...this
sentence isn't finished..._

7.4. NFS Root
-------------

If you are installing a diskless workstation, you should have already
configured your networking as described in Section 7.7, ```Configure
the Network'''. You should be given the option to install the kernel
and modules from NFS. Proceed using the ``NFS'' option described
above.

Other steps may need to be taken for other installation media.

7.5. ``Configure PCMCIA Support''
---------------------------------

There is an alternate step, _before_ the ``Configure Device Driver
Modules'' menu selection, called ``Configure PCMCIA Support''. This
menu is used to enable PCMCIA support.

If you do have PCMCIA, but are not installing your Debian system using
it (e.g., installation with a PCMCIA Ethernet card), then you need not
configure PCMCIA at this point. You can easily configure and enable
PCMCIA at a later point, after installation is complete. However, if
you are installing by way of a PCMCIA network device, this alternate
must be selected, and PCMCIA support must be configured prior to
configuring the network.

If you need to install PCMCIA, select the alternate, below ``Configure
Device Driver Modules''. You will be asked which PCMCIA controller
your system contains. In most cases, this will be `i82365'. In some
cases, it will be `tcic'; your laptop's vendor-supplied specifications
should provide the information if in doubt. You can generally leave
the next few sets of options blank. Again, certain hardware has
special needs; the Linux PCMCIA HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/PCMCIA-HOWTO.html) contains plenty of
information in case the default doesn't work.

In some unusual cases, you may also need to read and edit
`/etc/pcmcia/config.opts'. You can open your second virtual terminal
(_Left Alt-F2_) and edit the file there, and then reconfigure your
PCMCIA, or manually forcing a reload of the modules using `insmod' and
`rmmod'.

Once PCMCIA is properly configured and installed, you should jump back
up and configure your device drivers as described in the next section.

7.6. ``Configure Device Driver Modules''
----------------------------------------

Select the ``Configure Device Driver Modules'' menu item to configure
device drivers, that is, kernel modules.

You will first be prompted if you would like to load additional kernel
modules from a vendor-supplied floppy. Most can skip this step, since
it is only useful if there are some additional proprietary or
non-standard modules which are needed for your hardware (for instance,
for a specific SCSI controller). It will look for modules in the
floppy in locations such as `/lib/modules/misc' (where <misc> can be
any standard kernel module section). Any such files will be copied to
the disk you're installing to, so that they can be configured in the
next step.

Next, the `modconf' program will be run, which is a simple program
which displays the kernel modules sections and allows you to step
through the various kernel sections, picking out what modules you
would like to install.

We recommend that you _only_ configure devices which are required for
the installation process and not already detected by the kernel. Many
people do not need to configure any kernel modules at all.

For instance, you may need to explicitly load a network interface card
driver from the `net' section, a SCSI disk driver in the `scsi'
section, or a driver for a proprietary CD-ROM in the `cdrom' section.
The devices you configure will be loaded automatically whenever your
system boots.

Some modules may require parameters. To see what parameters are
relevant, you'll have to consult the documentation for that kernel
driver.

At any point after the system is installed, you can reconfigure your
modules by using the `modconf' program.

7.7. ``Configure the Network''
------------------------------

If the installation system does not detect that you have a network
device available, you will be presented with the ``Configure the
Hostname'' option. Even if you don't have a network, or if your
network connection dynamically goes up and down (e.g., uses dialup)
your machine must have a name to call itself.

If the installation system does detect a network device, you'll be
presented with the ``Configure the Network'' step. If the system does
not allow you to run this step, then that means it cannot see any
network devices present. If you have a network device, that means you
probably missed configuring the network device back in Section 7.6,
```Configure Device Driver Modules'''. Go back to that step and look
for `net' devices.

As you enter the ``Configure the Network'' step, if the system detects
that you have more than one network device, you'll be asked to choose
which device you wish to configure. You may only configure one.
After installation, you may configuration additional interfaces ---
see the interfaces(5) man page.

If `dbootstrap' detects that you configured PCMCIA (Section 7.5,
```Configure PCMCIA Support'''), you will be asked to confirm that
your network card is a PCMCIA card. This affects how and where the
network configuration is set.

`dbootstrap' will next ask you whether you wish to use a DHCP or BOOTP
server to configure your network. If you can, you should say ``Yes'',
since it allows you to skip all the rest of the next section. You
should hopefully see the reply ``The network has been successfully
configured using DHCP/BOOTP.''. Jump forward to Section 7.8,
```Install the Base System'''. If configuration fails, check your
wires and the log on tty3, or else move on and configure the network
manually.

To manually configure the network, `dbootstrap' will ask a number of
questions about your network; fill in the answers from Section 3.3,
`Information You Will Need'. The system will also summarize your
network information and ask you for confirmation. Next, you need to
specify the network device that your primary network connection uses.
Usually, this will be ``eth0'' (the first Ethernet device).

Some technical details you might, or might not, find handy: the
program assumes the network IP address is the bitwise-AND of your
system's IP address and your netmask. It will guess the broadcast
address is the bitwise OR of your system's IP address with the bitwise
negation of the netmask. It will guess that your gateway system is
also your DNS server. If you can't find any of these answers, use the
system's guesses --- you can change them once the system has been
installed, if necessary, by editing `/etc/network/interfaces'.
Alternatively, you can install `etherconf', which will step you
through your network setup.

7.8. ``Install the Base System''
--------------------------------

The next step is to install the base system. The base system is a
minimal set of packages which provides a working, basic,
self-contained system. It's under 70MB in size.

During the ``Install the Base System'' step, if you're not installing
from a CD-ROM, you'll be offered a menu of devices from which you may
install the base system. You should select the appropriate
installation media. If you are installing from an official CD-ROM,
you will simply be prompted to insert it.

If you are installing the base system over the network, note that some
steps may take a significant amount of time, and progress may not be
evident. In particular, the initial retrieve of `Packages.gz', and
the installs for base and essential packages may seem to be stalled;
give them some extra time. You can use `df -h' in console 2 to assure
yourself that the contents of your disk are indeed changing.

However, if the install bogs down right away retrieving a file called
`Release', you may assume that the network archive has not been found,
or there is a problem with it.

If you are installing the base system from your hard disk, just point
the installer to the `basedebs.tar' disk location, similar to the
procedure for installing the kernel and modules.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Booting Into Your New Debian System
--------------------------------------

8.1. ``Make System Bootable''
-----------------------------

The standard i386 boot loader is called ``LILO''. It is a complex
program which offers lots of functionality, including MS-DOS, NT, and
OS/2 boot management. Please carefully read the instructions in the
directory `/usr/share/doc/lilo/' if you have special needs; also see
the LILO mini-HOWTO (http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/LILO.html).

You can skip this step for now, and set the bootable partition later
with the GNU/Linux `fdisk' or `activate' programs.

If you mess up and can no longer boot into MS-DOS, you'll need to use
a MS-DOS boot disk and use the `fdisk /mbr' command to reinstall the
MS-DOS master boot record --- however, this means that you'll need to
use some other way to get back into Debian! For more information on
this please read Section 9.4, `Reactivating DOS and Windows'.

If you are installing a diskless workstation, obviously, booting off
the local disk isn't a meaningful option, and this step will be
skipped.

8.2. The Moment of Truth
------------------------

You system's first boot on its own power is what electrical engineers
call the ``smoke test''. If you have any floppies in your floppy
drive, remove them. Select the ``Reboot the System'' menu item.

If are booting directly into Debian, and the system doesn't start up,
either use your original installation boot media (for instance, the
rescue floppy), or insert the Custom Boot floppy if you created one,
and reset your system. If you are _not_ using the Custom Boot floppy,
you will probably need to add some boot arguments. If booting with
the rescue floppy or similar technique, you need to specify `rescue
root=<root>', where <root> is your root partition, such as
``/dev/sda1''.

Debian should boot, and you should see the same messages as when you
first booted the installation system, followed by some new messages.

8.3. Debian Post-Boot (Base) Configuration
------------------------------------------

After booting, you will be prompted to complete the configuration of
your basic system, and then to select what additional packages you
wish to install. The application which guides you through this
process is called `base-config'. If you wish to re-run the
`base-config' at any point after installation is complete, as root run
`base-config'.

8.4. Configuring your Time Zone
-------------------------------

You will first be prompted to configure your time zone. After
selecting local vs. GMT hardware clock setting, you will select a
region and then a city within that region which is in the same time
zone you are. When making selections in these lists, you can type a
single letter to take you to the section of the list beginning with
that letter.

8.5. MD5 Passwords
------------------

You will next be prompted whether to install MD5 passwords. This is
an alternate method of storing passwords on your system which is more
secure than the standard means (called ``crypt'').

The default is ``No'', but if you do not require NIS support and are
very concerned about security on this machine, you may say ``Yes''.

8.6. Shadow Passwords
---------------------

Unless you said ``Yes'' to MD5 passwords, the system will ask whether
you want to enable shadow passwords. This is a system in which your
GNU/Linux system is made to be a bit more secure. In a system without
shadow passwords, passwords are stored (encrypted) in a world-readable
file, `/etc/passwd'. This file has to be readable to anyone who can
log in because it contains vital user information, for instance, how
to map between numeric user identifiers and login names. Therefore,
someone could conceivably grab your `/etc/passwd' file and run a brute
force attack (i.e. run an automated test of all possible password
combinations) against it to try to determine passwords.

If you have shadow passwords enabled, passwords are instead stored in
`/etc/shadow', which is readable and writable only by root, and
readable by group shadow. Therefore, we recommend that you enable
shadow passwords.

Reconfiguration of the shadow password system can be done at any time
with the `shadowconfig' program. After installation, see
`/usr/share/doc/passwd/README.debian.gz' for more information.

8.7. Set the Root Password
--------------------------

The _root_ account is also called the _super-user_; it is a login that
bypasses all security protection on your system. The root account
should only be used to perform system administration, and only used
for as short a time as possible.

Any password you create should contain from 6 to 8 characters, and
should contain both upper- and lower-case characters, as well as
punctuation characters. Take extra care when setting your root
password, since it is such a powerful account. Avoid dictionary words
or use of any personal information which could be guessed.

If anyone ever tells you they need your root password, be extremely
wary. You should normally never give your root account out, unless
you are administering a machine with more than one system
administrator.

8.8. Create an Ordinary User
----------------------------

The system will ask you whether you wish to create an ordinary user
account at this point. This account should be your main personal
log-in. You should _not_ use the root account for daily use or as
your personal login.

Why not? Well, one reason to avoid using root's privileges is that it
is very easy to do irreparable damage as root. Another reason is that
you might be tricked into running a _Trojan-horse_ program --- that is
a program that takes advantage of your super-user powers to compromise
the security of your system behind your back. Any good book on Unix
system administration will cover this topic in more detail ---
consider reading one if it is new to you.

Name the user account anything you like. If your name is John Smith,
you might use ``smith'', ``john'', ``jsmith'' or ``js''. You will
also be prompted for the full name of the user, and, like before, a
password.

If at any point after installation you would like to create another
account, use the `adduser' command.

8.9. Setting Up PPP
-------------------

You will next be asked whether you wish to install the rest of the
system using PPP. If you are installing from CD-ROM and/or are
connected directly to the network, you can safely say ``No'' and skip
this section.

If you do choose to configure PPP at this point, a program named
`pppconfig' will be run. This program helps you configure your PPP
connection. _Make sure, when it asks you for the name of your dialup
connection, that you name it ``provider''._

Hopefully, the `pppconfig' program will walk you through a pain-free
PPP connection setup. However, if it does not work for you, see below
for detailed instructions.

In order to setup PPP, you'll need to know the basics of file viewing
and editing in GNU/Linux. To view files, you should use `more', and
`zmore' for compressed files with a `.gz' extension. For example, to
view `README.debian.gz', type `zmore README.debian.gz'. The base
system comes with an editor named `nano', which is very simple to use,
but does not have a lot of features. You will probably want to
install more full-featured editors and viewers later, such as `jed',
`nvi', `less', and `emacs'.

Edit `/etc/ppp/peers/provider' and replace `/dev/modem' with
`/dev/ttyS<#>' where <#> stands for the number of your serial port.
In Linux, serial ports are counted from 0; your first serial port
(i.e., `COM1') is `/dev/ttyS0' under Linux. The next step is to edit
`/etc/chatscripts/provider' and insert your provider's phone number,
your user-name and password. Please do not delete the ``\q'' that
precedes the password. It hides the password from appearing in your
log files.

Many providers use PAP or CHAP for login sequence instead of text mode
authentication. Others use both. If your provider requires PAP or
CHAP, you'll need to follow a different procedure. Comment out
everything below the dialing string (the one that starts with
``ATDT'') in `/etc/chatscripts/provider', modify
`/etc/ppp/peers/provider' as described above, and add `user <name>'
where <name> stands for your user-name for the provider you are trying
to connect to. Next, edit `/etc/ppp/pap-secrets' or
`/etc/ppp/chap-secrets' and enter your password there.

You will also need to edit `/etc/resolv.conf' and add your provider's
name server (DNS) IP addresses. The lines in `/etc/resolv.conf' are
in the following format: `nameserver <xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx>' where the <x>s
stand for numbers in your IP address. Optionally, you could add the
`usepeerdns' option to the `/etc/ppp/peers/provider' file, which will
enable automatic choosing of appropriate DNS servers, using settings
the remote host usually provides.

Unless your provider has a login sequence different from the majority
of ISPs, you are done! Start the PPP connection by typing `pon' as
root, and monitor the process using `plog' command. To disconnect,
use `poff', again, as root.

Read `/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz' file for more information
on using PPP on Debian.

For static SLIP connections, you will need to add the `slattach'
command (from the `net-tools' package) into `/etc/init.d/network'.
Dynamic SLIP will require the `gnudip' package.

8.10. Removing PCMCIA
---------------------

If you have no use for PCMCIA, you can choose to remove it at this
point. This will make your startup cleaner; also, it will make it
easier to replace your kernel (PCMCIA requires a lot of correlation
between the version of the PCMCIA drivers, the kernel modules, and the
kernel itself).

8.11. Configuring APT
---------------------

The main means that people use to install packages on their system is
via a program called `apt-get', from the `apt' package.[1] APT must be
configured, however, so that it knows where to retrieve packages from.
The helper application which assists in this task is called
`apt-setup'.

The next step in your configuration process is to tell APT where other
Debian packages can be found. Note that you can re-run this tool at
any point after installation by running `apt-setup', or by manually
editing `/etc/apt/sources.list'.

If you are booting from an official CD-ROM, then that CD-ROM should
automatically be configured as an apt source without prompting. You
will notice this because you will see the CD-ROM being scanned, and
then asked if you want to configure another CD-ROM. If you have a
multiple CD-ROM set --- and most people will --- then you should go
ahead and scan each of them one by one.

For users without an official CD-ROM, you will be offered an array of
choices for how Debian packages are accessed: FTP, HTTP, CD-ROM, or a
local file system. For CD-ROM users, you can get to this step by
specifically asking to add another source.

You should know that it's perfectly acceptable to have a number of
different APT sources, even for the same Debian archive. `apt-get'
will automatically pick the package with the highest version number
given all the available versions. Or, for instance, if you have both
an HTTP and a CD-ROM APT source, `apt-get' should automatically use
the local CD-ROM when possible, and only resort to HTTP if a newer
version is available there. However, it is not a good idea to add
unnecessary APT sources, since this will tend to slow down the process
of checking the network archives for new versions.

[1] Note that the actual program that installs packages is called `dpkg'.
However, this package is more of a low-level tool. `apt-get' will
invoke `dpkg' as appropriate; it is a higher-level too, however,
because it knows to install other packages which are required for the
package you're trying to install, as well as how to retrieve the
package from your CD, the network, or wherever.

8.11.1. Configuring Network Package Sources
-------------------------------------------

If you plan on installing the rest of your system via the network, the
most common option is to select the ``http'' source. The ``ftp''
source is also acceptable, but tends to be a little slower making
connections.

Next you will be asked whether you wish to have any non-free software.
That refers to commercial software or any other software whose
licensing does not comply with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
(http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines). It's fine to say
``Yes'', but be careful when installing such software, because you
will need to ensure that you are using the software in compliance with
its license.

The next step during the configuration of network packages sources is
to tell `apt-setup' which country you live in. This configures which
of the official Debian Internet mirror network you connect to.
Depending on which country you select, you will be given a list of
possible machines. Its generally fine to pick the one on the top of
the list, but any of them should work.

If you are installing via HTTP, you will be asked to configure your
proxy server. This is sometimes required by people behind firewalls,
on corporate networks, etc.

Finally, your new network package source will be tested. If all goes
well, you will be prompted whether you want to do it all over again
with another network source.

8.12. Package Installation: Simple or Advanced
----------------------------------------------

You will next be prompted whether you wish to install packages the
simple way, or the more fine-grained, advanced way. We recommend you
start with the simple way, since you can always run the more advanced
way at any time.

You should know that for simple installation, `base-config' is merely
invoking the `tasksel' program. For advanced package installation,
the `dselect' program is being run. Either of these can be run at any
time after installation to install more packages. If you are looking
for a specific single package, after installation is complete, simply
run `apt-get install <package>', where <package> is the name of the
package you are looking for.

8.13. Simple Package Selection --- The Task Installer
-----------------------------------------------------

If you chose ``simple'' installation, you will next be thrown into the
Task Installer (`tasksel'). This technique offers you a number of
pre-rolled software configurations offered by Debian. You could
always choose, package by package, what you want to install on your
new machine. This is the purpose of the `dselect' program, described
below. But this can be a long task with around 8300 packages
available in Debian!

So, you have the ability to choose _tasks_ first, and then add on more
individual packages later. These tasks loosely represent a number of
different jobs or things you want to do with your computer, such as
`desktop environment', `development in C', or `file server'.

For each task, you can highlight that task and select ``Task Info'' to
see more information on that task. This will show you an extended
description and the list of packages which will be installed for that
task. A table showing approximate sizes of the various tasks for
planning purposes is in Section 11.4, `Disk Space Needed for Tasks'.

Once you've selected your tasks, select ``Finish''. At this point,
`apt-get' will install the packages you've selected. Note, if you did
not select any tasks at all, any standard, important, or required
priority packages that are not yet present on your system will be
installed. This functionality is the same as running tasksel -s at
the command line, and currently involves a download of about 37M of
archives. You will be shown the number of packages to be installed,
and how many kilobytes of packages, if any, need to be downloaded.

Of the 8300 packages available in Debian, only a small minority are
covered by tasks offered in the Task Installer. To see information on
more packages, either use `apt-cache search <search-string>' for some
given search string (see the apt-cache(8) man page), or run `dselect'
as described below.

8.14. Advanced Package Selection with `dselect'
-----------------------------------------------

If you selected ``advanced'' package selection, you'll be dropped into
the `dselect' program. The dselect Tutorial
(dselect-beginner.en.html) is required reading before you run
`dselect'. `dselect' allows you to select _packages_ to be installed
on your system. You must be the super-user (root) when you run
`dselect'.

8.15. Prompts During Software Installation
------------------------------------------

Each package you selected with either `tasksel' and/or `dselect' is
unpacked and then installed in turn by the `apt-get' and `dpkg'
programs. If a particular program needs more information from the
user, it will prompt you during this process. You might also want to
keep an eye on the output during the process, to watch for any
installation errors (although you will be asked to acknowledge errors
which prevented a package's installation).

8.16. Log In
------------

After you've installed packages, you'll be presented with the login
prompt. Log in using the personal login and password you selected.
Your system is now ready to use.

If you are a new user, you may want to explore the documentation which
is already installed on your system as you start to use it. There are
currently several documentation systems, work is proceeding on
integrating the different types of documentation. Here are a few
starting points.

Documentation accompanying programs you have installed is in
`/usr/share/doc/', under a subdirectory named after the program. For
example, the APT User's Guide for using `apt' to install other
programs on your system, is located in
`/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

In addition, there are some special folders within the
`/usr/share/doc/' hierarchy. Linux HOWTOs are installed in .gz
format, in `/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/' and
`/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/'. The
`/usr/share/doc/HTML/index.html' contains browse-able indexes of
documentation installed by `dhelp'.

One easy way to view these documents is to `cd /usr/share/doc/', and
type `lynx' followed by a space and a dot (the dot stands for the
current directory).

You can also type `info (command)' or `man (command)' to see
documentation on most commands available at the command prompt.
Typing `help' will display help on shell commands. And typing a
command followed by `--help' will usually display a short summary of
the command's usage. If a command's results scroll past the top of
the screen, type `| more' after the command to cause the results to
pause before scrolling past the top of the screen. To see a list of
all commands available which begin with a certain letter, type the
letter and then two tabs.

For a more complete introduction to Debian and GNU/Linux, see
`/usr/share/doc/debian-guide/html/noframes/index.html'.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Next Steps and Where to Go From Here
---------------------------------------

9.1. If You Are New to Unix
---------------------------

If you are new to Unix, you probably should go out and buy some books
and do some reading. The Unix FAQ
(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/unix-faq/faq/) contains a
number of references to books and Usenet news groups which should help
you out. You can also take a look at the User-Friendly Unix FAQ
(http://www.camelcity.com/~noel/usenet/cuuf-FAQ.htm).

Linux is an implementation of Unix. The Linux Documentation Project
(LDP) (http://www.tldp.org/) collects a number of HOWTOs and online
books relating to Linux. Most of these documents can be installed
locally; just install the `doc-linux-html' package (HTML versions) or
the `doc-linux-text' package (ASCII versions), then look in
`/usr/share/doc/HOWTO'. International versions of the LDP HOWTOs are
also available as Debian packages.

Information specific to Debian can be found below.

9.2. Shutting Down the System
-----------------------------

To shut down a running Linux system, you must not reboot with the
reset switch on the front or back of your computer, or just turn off
the computer. Linux must be shut down in a controlled manner,
otherwise files may be lost and disk damage incurred. You can press
the key combination Ctrl-Alt-Del . You may also log in as root and
type `shutdown -h now', `reboot', or `halt' if either of the key
combinations do not work or you prefer to type commands.

9.3. Orienting Yourself to Debian
---------------------------------

Debian is a little different from other distributions. Even if you're
familiar with Linux in other distributions, there are things you
should know about Debian to help you to keep your system in a good,
clean state. This chapter contains material to help you get oriented;
it is not intended to be a tutorial for how to use Debian, but just a
very brief glimpse of the system for the very rushed.

9.3.1. Debian Packaging System
------------------------------

The most important concept to grasp is the Debian packaging system.
In essence, large parts of your system should be considered under the
control of the packaging system. These include:

* `/usr' (excluding `/usr/local')

* `/var' (you could make `/var/local' and be safe in there)

* `/bin'

* `/sbin'

* `/lib'

For instance, if you replace `/usr/bin/perl', that will work, but then
if you upgrade your `perl' package, the file you put there will be
replaced. Experts can get around this by putting packages on ``hold''
in `dselect'.

One of the best installation methods is apt. You can use it as a
method from dselect, or you can use the command line version (info
apt-get). Note apt will also let you merge main, contrib, and
non-free so you can have export-restricted packages as well as
standard versions.

9.3.2. Application Version Management
-------------------------------------

Alternative versions of applications are managed by
update-alternatives. If you are maintaining multiple versions of your
applications, read the update-alternatives man page.

9.3.3. Cron Job Management
--------------------------

Any jobs under the purview of the system administrator should be in
`/etc', since they are configuration files. If you have a root cron
job for daily, weekly, or nightly runs, put them in
`/etc/cron.{daily,weekly,monthly}'. These are invoked from
`/etc/crontab', and will run in alphabetic order, which serializes
them.

On the other hand, if you have a cron job that (a) needs to run as a
special user, or (b) needs to run at a special time or frequency, you
can use either `/etc/crontab', or, better yet, `/etc/cron.d/whatever'.
These particular files also have an extra field that allows you to
stipulate the user under which the cron job runs.

In either case, you just edit the files and cron will notice them
automatically. There is no need to run a special command. For more
information see cron(8), crontab(5), and
`/usr/share/doc/cron/README.Debian'.

9.4. Reactivating DOS and Windows
---------------------------------

After installing the base system and writing to the _Master Boot
Record_, you will be able boot Linux, but probably nothing else. This
depends what you have chosen during the installation. This chapter
will describe how you can reactivate your old systems so that you can
also boot your DOS or Windows again.

`LILO' is a boot manager with which you can also boot other operating
systems than Linux, which complies to PC conventions. The boot
manager is configured via `/etc/lilo.conf' file. Whenever you edited
this file you have to run `lilo' afterwards. The reason for this is
that the changes will take place only when you call the program.

Important parts of the `lilo.conf' file are the lines containing the
`image' and `other' keywords, as well as the lines following those.
They can be used to describe a system which can be booted by `LILO'.
Such a system can include a kernel (`image'), a root partition,
additional kernel parameters, etc. as well as a configuration to boot
another, non-Linux (`other') operating system. These keywords can
also be used more than once. The ordering of these systems within the
configuration file is important because it determines which system
will be booted automatically after, for instance, a timeout (`delay')
presuming `LILO' wasn't stopped by pressing the _shift_-key.

After a fresh install of Debian, just the current system is configured
for booting with `LILO'. If you want to boot another Linux kernel,
you have to edit the configuration file `/etc/lilo.conf' to add the
following lines:

image=/boot/vmlinuz.new
label=new
append="mcd=0x320,11"
read-only

For a basic setup just the first two lines are necessary. If you want
to know more about the other two options please have a look at the
`LILO' documentation. This can be found in `/usr/share/doc/lilo/'.
The file which should be read is `Manual.txt'. To have a quicker
start into the world of booting a system you can also look at the
`LILO' man pages lilo.conf(5) for an overview of configuration
keywords and lilo(8) for description of the installation of the new
configuration into the boot sector.

Notice that there are other boot loaders available in Debian
GNU/Linux, such as GRUB (in `grub' package), CHOS (in `chos' package),
Extended-IPL (in `extipl' package), loadlin (in `loadlin' package)
etc.

9.5. Further Reading and Information
------------------------------------

If you need information about a particular program, you should first
try `man <program>', or `info <program>'.

There is lots of useful documentation in `/usr/share/doc' as well. In
particular, `/usr/share/doc/HOWTO' and `/usr/share/doc/FAQ' contain
lots of interesting information. To submit bugs, look at
`/usr/share/doc/debian/bug*'. To read about Debian-specific issues
for particular programs, look at `/usr/share/doc/(package
name)/README.Debian'.

The Debian web site (http://www.debian.org/) contains a large quantity
of documentation about Debian. In particular, see the Debian FAQ
(http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/) and the Debian Mailing List Archives
(http://lists.debian.org/). The Debian community is self-supporting;
to subscribe to one or more of the Debian mailing lists, see the Mail
List Subscription (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe) page.

9.6. Compiling a New Kernel
---------------------------

Why would someone want to compile a new kernel? It is often not
necessary since the default kernel shipped with Debian handles most
configurations. However, it is useful to compile a new kernel in
order to:

* handle special hardware needs, or hardware conflicts with the
pre-supplied kernels

* handle hardware or options not included in the stock kernel, such
as APM or SMP

* The compact and idepci flavors don't come with sound. Although
the vanilla kernel does, it might not work for other reasons.

* optimize the kernel by removing useless drivers to speed up boot
time

* use options of the kernel which are not supported by the default
kernel (such as network firewalling)

* run a updated or development kernel

* impress your friends, try new things

9.6.1. Kernel Image Management
------------------------------

Don't be afraid to try compiling the kernel. It's fun and profitable.

To compile a kernel the Debian way, you need some packages:
`kernel-package', `kernel-source-2.2.20' (the most recent version at
the time of this writing), `fakeroot' and a few others which are
probably already installed (see
`/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz' for the complete list).

This method will make a .deb of your kernel source, and, if you have
non-standard modules, make a synchronized dependent .deb of those too.
It's a better way to manage kernel images; `/boot' will hold the
kernel, the System.map, and a log of the active config file for the
build.

Note that you don't _have_ to compile your kernel the ``Debian way'';
but we find that using the packaging system to manage your kernel is
actually safer and easier. In fact, you can get your kernel sources
right from Linus instead of `kernel-source-2.2.20', yet still use the
`kernel-package' compilation method. Although the 2.2.20 kernel is
still used in Woody for installs, more-recent 2.4 kernels are
available as kernel-images.

Note that you'll find complete documentation on using `kernel-package'
under `/usr/share/doc/kernel-package'. This section just contains a
brief tutorial.

Hereafter, we'll assume your kernel source will be located in
`/usr/local/src' and that your kernel version is 2.2.20. As root,
create a directory under `/usr/local/src' and change the owner of that
directory to your normal non-root account. As your normal non-root
account, change your directory to where you want to unpack the kernel
sources (`cd /usr/local/src'), extract the kernel sources (`tar xIf
/usr/src/kernel-source-2.2.20.tar.bz2'), change your directory to it
(`cd kernel-source-2.2.20/'). Now, you can configure your kernel.
Run `make xconfig' if X11 is installed, configured and being run,
`make menuconfig' otherwise (you'll need `ncurses-dev' installed).
Take the time to read the online help and choose carefully. When in
doubt, it is typically better to include the device driver (the
software which manages hardware peripherals, such as Ethernet cards,
SCSI controllers, and so on) you are unsure about. Be careful: other
options, not related to a specific hardware, should be left at the
default value if you do not understand them. Do not forget to select
``Kernel module loader'' in ``Loadable module support'' (it is not
selected by default). If not included, your Debian installation will
experience problems.

Clean the source tree and reset the `kernel-package' parameters. To
do that, do `make-kpkg clean'.

Now, compile the kernel: `fakeroot make-kpkg --revision=custom.1.0
kernel_image'. The version number of ``1.0'' can be changed at will;
this is just a version number that you will use to track your kernel
builds. Likewise, you can put any word you like in place of
``custom'' (e.g., a host name). Kernel compilation may take quite a
while, depending on the power of your machine.

If you require PCMCIA support, you'll also need to install the
`pcmcia-source' package. Unpack the gzipped tar file as root in the
directory `/usr/src' (it's important that modules are found where they
are expected to be found, namely, `/usr/src/modules'). Then, as root,
do `make-kpkg modules_image'.

Once the compilation is complete, you can install your custom kernel
like any package. As root, do `dpkg -i
../kernel-image-2.2.20-<subarchitecture>_custom.1.0_i386.deb'. The
<subarchitecture> part is an optional sub-architecture, such as
``i586'', depending on what kernel options you set. `dpkg -i
kernel-image...' will install the kernel, along with some other nice
supporting files. For instance, the `System.map' will be properly
installed (helpful for debugging kernel problems), and
`/boot/config-2.2.20' will be installed, containing your current
configuration set. Your new `kernel-image-2.2.20' package is also
clever enough to automatically use your platform's boot-loader to run
an update on the booting, allowing you to boot without re-running the
boot loader. If you have created a modules package, e.g., if you have
PCMCIA, you'll need to install that package as well.

It is time to reboot the system: read carefully any warning that the
above step may have produced, then `shutdown -r now'.

For more information on `kernel-package', read the fine documentation
in `/usr/share/doc/kernel-package'.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Technical Information on the Boot Floppies
----------------------------------------------

10.1. Source Code
-----------------

The `boot-floppies' package contains all of the source code and
documentation for the installation floppies.

10.2. Rescue Floppy
-------------------

The rescue floppy has an Ext2 file system (or a FAT file system,
depending on your architecture), and you should be able to access it
from anything else that can mount Ext2 or FAT disks. The Linux kernel
is in the file `linux.bin'. The file `root.bin' is a
`gzip'-compressed disk image of a 1.4MB Minix or Ext2 file system, and
will be loaded into the RAM disk and used as the root file system.

10.3. Replacing the Rescue Floppy Kernel
----------------------------------------

If you find it necessary to replace the kernel on the rescue floppy,
you must configure your new kernel with these features linked in, not
in loadable modules:

* RAM disk support (`CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM')

* Initial RAM disk (initrd) support (`CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD')

* Kernel support for ELF binaries (`CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF')

* Loop device support (`CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP')

* FAT, Minix, and Ext2 file systems (some architectures don't need
FAT and/or Minix file systems --- see the source) For Intel x86,
Minix file support is not required, but MSDOS and ext2 are.

* Socket filtering for DHCP (`CONFIG_FILTER')

* Packet socket, also for DHCP (`CONFIG_PACKET')

* Unix domain sockets for system logging --- is provided as a
module in the vanilla flavor (`CONFIG_UNIX')

Be sure that the kernel you plan to use does _NOT_ have `CONFIG_DEVFS'
set. `CONFIG_DEVFS' is not compatible with the installer.

Download a set of boot floppies: root, rescue, and driver disks. You
need to know that bf2.4, idepci, and compact use flavored kernels.
One reason to use the ide or compact sets, for instance, is that they
have only 1 or 2 driver disks and your custom kernel will likely have
all the drivers you need built in. The downside is that it requires
an extra manual step unless you built your custom kernel with the same
flavor name (see make-kpkg in the `kernel-package'). You may also see
some error messages regarding modules.

To compile a customised kernel, it is recommended to configure the
kernel very similar to the one that you wish to replace. You should
get the kernel-source package that have been used to build the kernel
and copy the .config file from the rescue disk (see below).

Mount the rescue disk image, something like the following.

mount -t auto -o loop rescue.bin /mnt

Assuming you used `/mnt' as the mount point, copy your custom kernel
to `/mnt/linux.bin'. Next run the script `rdev.sh' which resides in
`/mnt', which assumes it will find the kernel as described here.

If you want to be complete about it, you'll also want to gzip the
System.map from your custom kernel as `sys_map.gz', and the config as
`config.gz', and place them in `/mnt'.

Now you can `umount' your disk image and burn your floppies. You will
probably want to ``Install Kernel and Driver Modules'' using the
floppies you just built to get your custom kernel installed on the
hard drive. This is why having one driver disk is nice.

If you are using a disk set featuring a flavored kernel, you will need
to switch to `tty2' by pressing `Alt' and `F2' keys together, and hit
_Enter_ to get a prompt. Type `ls /target/lib/modules' to see where
the driver disk put your modules. Then `uname -r' to find out where
the modules should be. You'll then want to do something suitable like
the following.

mv /target/lib/modules/* /target/lib/modules/`uname -r`

Now you may exit out of the shell and return to `tty1'. If you didn't
perform the last step properly, then ``Configure Device Driver
Modules'' won't find any modules and thus will be sad.

You'll also want to replace the `modules.tgz' file on the driver
floppies. This file simply contains a `gzip'-compressed tar file of
`/lib/modules/<kernel-version>'; make it from the root file system so
that all leading directories are in the tar file as well.

10.4. Preloading Existing Modules
---------------------------------

If you need an essential driver in order to access the harddisk or
installation source device, you can use existing modules instead of
recompiling the whole kernel. You can preload driver modules from a
floppy disk before mounting the root partition. To prepare such a
floppy, you will need:

* Another box running Linux, a floppy drive and the usual tools

* Alternatively, a Win32 machine, using the usual Windows tools and
GNU `tar' and `gzip' (or `Winzip')

* a freshly formatted floppy disk

* pen and paper

Here are the steps to create the preload disk, assuming that you are
on a Linux box and plan to use the bf2.4 flavor later:

* Mount your Debian CD-ROM in `/cdrom'

* Create a temporary directory and change to it (`cd /tmp; mkdir
work; cd work')

* Extract the kernel and modules for the flavor that you want to
install with...

su
tar -zxvf /cdrom/debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current/bf2.4/drivers.tgz
tar -zxvf modules.tgz
less lib/modules/2.4.18-bf2.4/modules.dep

* Read the `modules.dep' file, locate the modules that you are
looking for, and note their dependencies. Note the order in
which the modules depend on each other. Do the same for each
dependency, unless you have a list of modules that can be loaded
without dependencies.

* Copy all required modules to a separate location.

* Format your floppy disk, create the msdos filesystem (`mformat
a:').

* Make a directory called `boot' on the floppy disk. Copy all
required modules to this directory.

* You can use this disk to preload modules. Do not lose your
notes, you may need them to load the modules in the correct
order.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Appendix
------------

11.1. Further Information
-------------------------

11.1.1. Further Information
---------------------------

A general source of information on Linux is the Linux Documentation
Project (http://www.tldp.org/). There you will find the HOWTOs and
pointers to other very valuable information on parts of a GNU/Linux
system.

11.2. Obtaining Debian GNU/Linux
--------------------------------

11.2.1. Official Debian GNU/Linux CD Sets
-----------------------------------------

If you want to buy a CD set to install Debian GNU/Linux system from
CD-ROM you should look at the CD vendors page
(http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/). There you get a list of
addresses which sell Debian GNU/Linux on CD-ROMs. The list is sorted
by country so you shouldn't have a problem to find a vendor near you.

11.2.2. Debian Mirrors
----------------------

If you live outside of the USA and you want to download Debian
packages, you can also use one of many mirrors which reside outside
the USA. A list of countries and mirrors can be found at the Debian
FTP server website (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist).

11.2.3. Description of Installation System Files
------------------------------------------------

This section contains an annotated list of files you will find in the
`disks-i386' directory. Which files you need to download will depend
on the installation boot option and operating system installation
media you have chosen.

Most files are floppy disk images; that is, a single file which can be
written to a disk to create the necessary floppy disk. These images
are, obviously, dependent on the size of the target floppy. For
instance, 1.44MB is the normal quantity of data which is what fits on
standard 3.5 inch floppies. 1.2MB is the amount of data which
normally fits on 5.25 inch floppy disks, so use this image size if you
have such a floppy drive. The images for 1.44MB floppy disks can be
found in the `images-1.44' directory. Images for 1.2MB floppy disks
can be found in the `images-1.20' directory. Images for 2.88MB disks,
which are generally only used for CD-ROM booting and the like, are
found in the `images-2.88' directory.

If you are using a web browser on a networked computer to read this
document, you can probably retrieve the files by selecting their names
in your web browser. Depending on your browser you may need to take
special action to download directly to a file, in raw binary mode.
For example, in Netscape you need to hold the shift key when clicking
on the URL to retrieve the file. Files can be downloaded from the
URLs in this document, which are within the www server's .../current/
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current/)
directory, or you can retrieve them via ftp from
ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main/disks-i386/current/. You
can also use the corresponding directory on any of the Debian mirror
sites (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist).

11.2.3.1. Files for the Initial System Boot
-------------------------------------------

_Rescue floppy images:_
.../current/images-1.20/rescue.bin (../images-1.20/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/rescue.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/rescue.bin (../images-1.44/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/idepci/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/idepci/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/rescue.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/rescue.bin (../images-2.88/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/bf2.4/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/bf2.4/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/compact/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/compact/rescue.bin)
.../current/images-2.88/idepci/rescue.bin
(../images-2.88/idepci/rescue.bin)
These are the "Rescue Floppy" disk images. The rescue floppy is
used for initial setup and for emergencies, such as when your
system doesn't boot for some reason. Therefore it is recommended
you write the disk image to the floppy even if you are not using
floppies for installation.

_Root image(s):_
.../current/images-1.20/root.bin (../images-1.20/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/root.bin (../images-1.44/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/root.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/idepci/root.bin
(../images-1.44/idepci/root.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/root.bin (../images-1.44/bf2.4/root.bin)
This file contains an image of a temporary file system that gets
loaded into memory when you boot from the rescue floppy. This is
used for installations from hard disk and floppies.

_Linux boot loader for MS-DOS:_
.../current/dosutils/loadlin.exe (../dosutils/loadlin.exe)
You will need this boot loader if you are installing from a
MS-DOS partition or from a CD-ROM. See Section 5.4.1, `Booting
from a DOS partition'.

_MS-DOS Installer Batch Files:_
.../current/install.bat (../install.bat)
.../current/bf2.4/install.bat (../bf2.4/install.bat)
.../current/compact/install.bat (../compact/install.bat)
.../current/idepci/install.bat (../idepci/install.bat)
MS-DOS batch file for starting Debian installation from MS-DOS.
This batch file is used in installations from hard disk or
CD-ROM. See Section 5.4.1, `Booting from a DOS partition'.

_TFTP boot images_
.../current/bf2.4/tftpboot.img (../bf2.4/tftpboot.img)
.../current/compact/tftpboot.img (../compact/tftpboot.img)
.../current/idepci/tftpboot.img (../idepci/tftpboot.img)
Boot images used for network booting, see Section 4.5, `Preparing
Files for TFTP Net Booting'. Generally, they contain the Linux
kernel and the `root.bin' root file system.

11.2.3.2. Linux Kernel Files
----------------------------

This is the Linux kernel image to be used for hard disk installations.
You don't need it if you are installing from floppies.

.../current/linux.bin (../linux.bin)
.../current/bf2.4/linux.bin (../bf2.4/linux.bin)
.../current/compact/linux.bin (../compact/linux.bin)
.../current/idepci/linux.bin (../idepci/linux.bin)
Linux kernel files.

11.2.3.3. Driver Files
----------------------

These files contain kernel modules, or drivers, for all kinds of
hardware that are not necessary for initial booting. Getting the
drivers you want is a two step process: first you identify an archive
of drivers you want to use, and then you select which particular
drivers you want.

The driver archive floppies are not used until after the hard drive
has been partitioned and the kernel has been installed. If you need a
particular driver for initial booting, for your subarchitecture, or to
access the hard drive, choose a kernel with the necessary driver
compiled in and supply the correct boot parameter arguments. Please
see Section 4.2.2, `Choosing the Right Installation Set' and Section
5.1, `Boot Parameter Arguments'.

Remember that your driver archive must be consistent with your initial
kernel choice.

_driver floppies images:_
.../current/images-1.20/driver-1.bin (../images-1.20/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/driver-2.bin (../images-1.20/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/driver-3.bin (../images-1.20/driver-3.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/driver-4.bin (../images-1.20/driver-4.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/driver-5.bin (../images-1.20/driver-5.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/driver-1.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/driver-2.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/driver-3.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/driver-3.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/driver-4.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/driver-4.bin)
.../current/images-1.20/safe/driver-5.bin
(../images-1.20/safe/driver-5.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/driver-1.bin (../images-1.44/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/driver-2.bin (../images-1.44/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/driver-3.bin (../images-1.44/driver-3.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/driver-4.bin (../images-1.44/driver-4.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-1.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-2.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-3.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-3.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-4.bin
(../images-1.44/bf2.4/driver-4.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/driver-1.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/compact/driver-2.bin
(../images-1.44/compact/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/idepci/driver-1.bin
(../images-1.44/idepci/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/driver-1.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/driver-1.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/driver-2.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/driver-2.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/driver-3.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/driver-3.bin)
.../current/images-1.44/safe/driver-4.bin
(../images-1.44/safe/driver-4.bin)
These are the driver floppies disk images.

_driver floppies archive_
.../current/drivers.tgz (../drivers.tgz)
.../current/bf2.4/drivers.tgz (../bf2.4/drivers.tgz)
.../current/compact/drivers.tgz (../compact/drivers.tgz)
.../current/idepci/drivers.tgz (../idepci/drivers.tgz)
If you are not limited to diskettes, choose one of these files.

11.2.3.4. Debian Base System Installation Files
-----------------------------------------------

These files are needed only for computers without a working network
connection, or those with unsupported network hardware. They contain
the programs needed for the most basic GNU/Linux operating system.
Often the contents of these files can be obtained automatically by the
installer over a working network connection.

_Base System Images:_
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-1.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-1.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-2.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-2.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-3.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-3.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-4.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-4.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-5.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-5.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-6.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-6.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-7.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-7.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-8.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-8.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-9.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-9.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-10.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-10.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-11.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-11.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-12.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-12.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-13.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-13.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-14.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-14.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-15.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-15.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-16.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-16.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-17.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-17.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-18.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-18.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-19.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-19.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-20.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-20.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-21.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-21.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-22.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-22.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.2/base-23.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.2/base-23.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-1.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-1.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-2.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-2.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-3.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-3.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-4.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-4.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-5.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-5.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-6.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-6.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-7.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-7.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-8.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-8.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-9.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-9.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-10.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-10.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-11.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-11.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-12.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-12.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-13.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-13.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-14.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-14.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-15.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-15.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-16.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-16.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-17.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-17.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-18.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-18.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-19.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-19.bin)
.../base-images-current/images-1.44/base-20.bin
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/images-1.44/base-20.bin)
These are the base system floppy disk images.

_Base System archive tarball_
.../base-images-current/basedebs.tar
(http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main
/disks-i386/base-images-current/basedebs.tar)
If you are not limited to diskettes, choose this file.

11.2.3.5. Utilities
-------------------

http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/woody/main/
disks-i386/current/dosutils/rawrite2.exe
This is a MS-DOS utility to write a floppy disk image to a
floppy. You should not copy images to the floppy, but instead
use this utility to ``raw write'' them.

11.3. Linux Devices
-------------------

In Linux you have various special files in `/dev'. These files are
called devices files. In the Unix world accessing hardware is
different. There you have a special file which actually runs a driver
which in turn accesses the hardware. The device file is an interface
to the actual system component. Files under `/dev' also behave
differently than ordinary files. Below are the most important device
files listed.

fd0 First Floppy Drive
fd1 Second Floppy Drive

hda IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Master)
hdb IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the first IDE port (Slave)
hdc IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Master)
hdd IDE Hard disk / CD-ROM on the second IDE port (Slave)
hda1 First partition of the first IDE hard disk
hdd15 Fifteenth partition of the fourth IDE hard disk

sda SCSI Hard disk with lowest SCSI ID (e.g. 0)
sdb SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 1)
sdc SCSI Hard disk with next higher SCSI ID (e.g. 2)
sda1 First partition of the first SCSI hard disk
sdd10 Tenth partition of the fourth SCSI hard disk

sr0 SCSI CD-ROM with the lowest SCSI ID
sr1 SCSI CD-ROM with the next higher SCSI ID

ttyS0 Serial port 0, COM1 under MS-DOS
ttyS1 Serial port 1, COM2 under MS-DOS
psaux PS/2 mouse device
gpmdata Pseudo device, repeater data from GPM (mouse) daemon

cdrom Symbolic link to the CD-ROM drive
mouse Symbolic link to the mouse device file

null everything pointed to this device will disappear
zero one can endlessly read zeros out of this device

11.3.1. Setting Up Your Mouse
-----------------------------

The mouse can be used in both the Linux console (with gpm) and the X
window environment. The two uses can be made compatible if the gpm
repeater is used to allow the signal to flow to the X server as shown:

mouse => /dev/psaux => gpm => /dev/gpmdata -> /dev/mouse => X
/dev/ttyS0 (repeater) (symlink)
/dev/ttyS1

Set the repeater protocol to be raw (in `/etc/gpm.conf') while setting
X to the original mouse protocol in `/etc/X11/XF86Config' or
`/etc/X11/XF86Config-4'.

This approach to use gpm even in X has advantages when the mouse is
unplugged inadvertently. Simply restarting gpm with

user@debian:# /etc/init.d/gpm restart

will re-connect the mouse in software without restarting X.

If gpm is disabled or not installed with some reason, make sure to set
X to read directly from the mouse device such as /dev/psaux. For
details, refer to the 3-Button Mouse mini-Howto at
`/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt/mini/3-Button-Mouse.gz', `man gpm',
`/usr/share/doc/gpm/FAQ.gz', and README.mouse
(http://www.xfree86.org/current/mouse.html).

11.4. Disk Space Needed for Tasks
---------------------------------

The base woody installation on the author's computer required 117MB.
The installed size for all standard packages was 123MB, with a
download size of 38MB; so 278MB of space was needed to install the
base and all standard packages.

The following table lists sizes reported by aptitude (a very nice
program, by the way) for the tasks listed in tasksel. The system for
which the figures were reported already had all standard packages
installed. Note that some tasks have overlapping constituents, so the
total installed size for two tasks together may be less than the total
obtained by adding the numbers up.

Task Installed Download Space Needed
Size (MB) Size (MB) To Install (MB)

desktop environment 345 118 463
X window system 78 36 114
games 49 14 63
Debian Jr. 340 124 464
dialup system 28 8 36
laptop system 3 1 4
scientific applications 110 30 140

C and C++ 32 15 47
Python 103 30 133
Tcl/Tk 37 11 48
fortran 10 4 14

file server 1 - 1
mail server 4 3 7
usenet news server 6 2 8
print server 48 18 66
conventional unix server 55 19 74
web server 4 1 5

TeX/LaTeX environment 171 64 235

simplified Chinese environment 80 29 109
traditional Chinese environment 166 68 234
Cyrillic environment 29 13 42
French environment 60 18 78
German environment 31 9 40
Japanese environment 110 53 163
Korean environment 178 72 250
Polish environment 58 27 85
Russian environment 12 6 18
Spanish environment 15 4 19

11.5. Effects of Verbose and Quiet
----------------------------------

These are the effects of the `verbose' boot argument for woody:

* For LiveCD, allow choice of alternate install media

* When mounting volumes, always ask which mount point

* Warn that earlier kernels do not support newer file systems

* Warn that pre-2.4.1 kernels do not support ReiserFS 3.6

* Confirm install files path even if only one path found

These are the effects of the `quiet' boot argument for woody:

* Suppress confirm before writing the aboot boot loader

* Suppress confirm before overwriting master boot record

* Suppress 'Important Information about installed MBR'

* No invitation to install additional modules from floppy

* Don't mention that s390 doesn't support reboot

* Suppress confirmation that detected interface is PCMCIA

* Suppress message about successful DHCP configuration

* Suppress long message about Lilo and large disk support

* Suppress long message about PALO and large disk support

* Suppress SGI disk label note from Dvhtool

* Don't chatter about how much disk space ReiserFS uses

* Don't explain what Apple_Bootstrap is

* Mount the first initialized partition on `/' without asking

* Don't offer to scan for bad blocks

* Don't ask before initializing as XFS, ext2/3, ReiserFS, swap

* Avoid trying to persuade that a swap partition is good

* Don't lecture before rebooting the system

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Administrivia
-----------------

12.1. About This Document
-------------------------

This document is written in SGML, using the ``DebianDoc'' DTD. Output
formats are generated by programs from the `debiandoc-sgml' package.

In order to increase the maintainability of this document, we use a
number of SGML features, such as entities and marked sections. These
play a role akin to variables and conditionals in programming
languages. The SGML source to this document contains information for
each different architecture --- marked sections are used to isolate
certain bits of text as architecture-specific.

12.2. Contributing to This Document
-----------------------------------

If you have problems or suggestions regarding this document, you
should probably submit them as a bug report against the package
`boot-floppies'. See the `bug' or `reportbug' package or read the
online documentation of the Debian Bug Tracking System
(http://bugs.debian.org/). It would be nice if you could check the
open bugs against boot-floppies (http://bugs.debian.org/boot-floppies)
to see whether your problem has already been reported. If so, you can
supply addition corroboration or helpful information to
<XXXX@bugs.debian.org>, where <XXXX> is the number for the
already-reported bug.

Better yet, get a copy of the SGML source for this document, and
produce patches against it. The SGML source can be found in the
`boot-floppies'; try to find the newest revision in the unstable
(ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/) distribution. You can
also browse the source via CVSweb
(http://cvs.debian.org/boot-floppies/); for instructions on how to
check out the sources via CVS, see README-CVS
(http://cvs.debian.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/~checkout~/boot-floppies/README-CVS?tag=HEAD%26content-type=text/plain)
from the sources.

Please do _not_ contact the authors of this document directly. There
is also a discussion list for `boot-floppies', which includes
discussions of this manual. The mailing list is
<debian-boot@lists.debian.org>. Instructions for subscribing to this
list can be found at the Debian Mailing List Subscription
(http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe) page; an online
browse-able copy can be found at the Debian Mailing List Archives
(http://lists.debian.org/).

12.3. Major Contributions
-------------------------

Many, many Debian users and developers contributed to this document.
Particular note must be made for Michael Schmitz (m68k support), Frank
Neumann (original author of the Debian Installation Instructions for
Amiga
(http://www.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/~amigo/debian_inst.html)),
Arto Astala, Eric Delaunay/Ben Collins (SPARC information), Tapio
Lehtonen, and Stéphane Bortzmeyer for numerous edits and text.

Extremely helpful text and information was found in Jim Mintha's HOWTO
for network booting (no URL available), the Debian FAQ
(http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/), the Linux/m68k FAQ
(http://www.linux-m68k.org/faq/faq.html), the Linux for SPARC
Processors FAQ (http://www.ultralinux.org/faq.html), the Linux/Alpha
FAQ (http://linux.iol.unh.edu/linux/alpha/faq/), amongst others. The
maintainers of these freely available and rich sources of information
must be recognized.

12.4. Trademark Acknowledgement
-------------------------------

All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Installing Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 For Intel x86

Bruce Perens
Sven Rudolph
Igor Grobman
James Treacy
Adam Di Carlo

version 3.0.23, 15 May, 2002