// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright Contributors to the Kokkos project

#include <gtest/gtest.h>

#include <Kokkos_Macros.hpp>
#ifdef KOKKOS_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX20_MODULES
import kokkos.core;
import kokkos.dyn_rank_view;
import kokkos.dyn_rank_view_impl;
#else
#include <Kokkos_Core.hpp>
#include <Kokkos_DynRankView.hpp>
#endif
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

namespace Test {

template <class T, class... P>
size_t allocation_count(const Kokkos::DynRankView<T, P...>& view) {
  const size_t card  = view.size();
  const size_t alloc = view.span();

  return card <= alloc ? alloc : 0;
}

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

template <typename T, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;

  static const unsigned N = 100;
  static const unsigned D = 3;

  using view_type = Kokkos::DynRankView<T, execution_space>;

  const view_type v1;
  const view_type v2;

  TestViewOperator() : v1("v1", N, D), v2("v2", N, D) {}

  static void testit() { Kokkos::parallel_for(N, TestViewOperator()); }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const unsigned i) const {
    const unsigned X = 0;
    const unsigned Y = 1;
    const unsigned Z = 2;

    v2(i, X) = v1(i, X);
    v2(i, Y) = v1(i, Y);
    v2(i, Z) = v1(i, Z);
  }
};

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

template <class DataType, class DeviceType, unsigned Rank>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight;

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 7> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2,
                                unsigned N3, unsigned N4, unsigned N5,
                                unsigned N6)
      : left("left", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6),
        right("right", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2, unsigned N3,
                     unsigned N4, unsigned N5, unsigned N6) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i6 = 0; i6 < unsigned(left.extent(6)); ++i6)
      for (unsigned i5 = 0; i5 < unsigned(left.extent(5)); ++i5)
        for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(left.extent(4)); ++i4)
          for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(left.extent(3)); ++i3)
            for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2)
              for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
                for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
                  const long j = &left(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6) -
                                 &left(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
                  if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
                    update |= 1;
                  }
                  offset = j;
                }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(right.extent(2)); ++i2)
          for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(right.extent(3)); ++i3)
            for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(right.extent(4)); ++i4)
              for (unsigned i5 = 0; i5 < unsigned(right.extent(5)); ++i5)
                for (unsigned i6 = 0; i6 < unsigned(right.extent(6)); ++i6) {
                  const long j = &right(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6) -
                                 &right(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
                  if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
                    update |= 2;
                  }
                  offset = j;
                }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 6> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2,
                                unsigned N3, unsigned N4, unsigned N5)
      : left("left", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5),
        right("right", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2, unsigned N3,
                     unsigned N4, unsigned N5) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i5 = 0; i5 < unsigned(left.extent(5)); ++i5)
      for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(left.extent(4)); ++i4)
        for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(left.extent(3)); ++i3)
          for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2)
            for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
              for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
                const long j =
                    &left(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) - &left(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
                if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
                  update |= 1;
                }
                offset = j;
              }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(right.extent(2)); ++i2)
          for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(right.extent(3)); ++i3)
            for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(right.extent(4)); ++i4)
              for (unsigned i5 = 0; i5 < unsigned(right.extent(5)); ++i5) {
                const long j =
                    &right(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) - &right(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
                if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
                  update |= 2;
                }
                offset = j;
              }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 5> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  using stride_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutStride, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  stride_view left_stride;
  stride_view right_stride;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2,
                                unsigned N3, unsigned N4)
      : left("left", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4),
        right("right", N0, N1, N2, N3, N4),
        left_stride(left),
        right_stride(right),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2, unsigned N3,
                     unsigned N4) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1, N2, N3, N4);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(left.extent(4)); ++i4)
      for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(left.extent(3)); ++i3)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2)
          for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
            for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
              const long j = &left(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) - &left(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
              if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
                update |= 1;
              }
              offset = j;

              if (&left(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) !=
                  &left_stride(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4)) {
                update |= 4;
              }
            }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(right.extent(2)); ++i2)
          for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(right.extent(3)); ++i3)
            for (unsigned i4 = 0; i4 < unsigned(right.extent(4)); ++i4) {
              const long j = &right(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) - &right(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
              if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
                update |= 2;
              }
              offset = j;

              if (&right(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) !=
                  &right_stride(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4)) {
                update |= 8;
              }
            }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 4> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2,
                                unsigned N3)
      : left("left", N0, N1, N2, N3),
        right("right", N0, N1, N2, N3),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2, unsigned N3) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1, N2, N3);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(left.extent(3)); ++i3)
      for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2)
        for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
          for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
            const long j = &left(i0, i1, i2, i3) - &left(0, 0, 0, 0);
            if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
              update |= 1;
            }
            offset = j;
          }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(right.extent(2)); ++i2)
          for (unsigned i3 = 0; i3 < unsigned(right.extent(3)); ++i3) {
            const long j = &right(i0, i1, i2, i3) - &right(0, 0, 0, 0);
            if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
              update |= 2;
            }
            offset = j;
          }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 3> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  using stride_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutStride, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  stride_view left_stride;
  stride_view right_stride;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2)
      : left(std::string("left"), N0, N1, N2),
        right(std::string("right"), N0, N1, N2),
        left_stride(left),
        right_stride(right),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1, unsigned N2) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1, N2);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
          const long j = &left(i0, i1, i2) - &left(0, 0, 0);
          if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
            update |= 1;
          }
          offset = j;

          if (&left(i0, i1, i2) != &left_stride(i0, i1, i2)) {
            update |= 4;
          }
        }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(right.extent(2)); ++i2) {
          const long j = &right(i0, i1, i2) - &right(0, 0, 0);
          if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
            update |= 2;
          }
          offset = j;

          if (&right(i0, i1, i2) != &right_stride(i0, i1, i2)) {
            update |= 8;
          }
        }

    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
        for (unsigned i2 = 0; i2 < unsigned(left.extent(2)); ++i2) {
          if (&left(i0, i1, i2) != &left(i0, i1, i2, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
            update |= 3;
          }
          if (&right(i0, i1, i2) != &right(i0, i1, i2, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
            update |= 3;
          }
        }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 2> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0, unsigned N1)
      : left("left", N0, N1),
        right("right", N0, N1),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0, unsigned N1) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0, N1);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    long offset;

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1)
      for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
        const long j = &left(i0, i1) - &left(0, 0);
        if (j < offset || left_alloc <= j) {
          update |= 1;
        }
        offset = j;
      }

    offset = -1;
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(right.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(right.extent(1)); ++i1) {
        const long j = &right(i0, i1) - &right(0, 0);
        if (j < offset || right_alloc <= j) {
          update |= 2;
        }
        offset = j;
      }

    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0)
      for (unsigned i1 = 0; i1 < unsigned(left.extent(1)); ++i1) {
        if (&left(i0, i1) != &left(i0, i1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
          update |= 3;
        }
        if (&right(i0, i1) != &right(i0, i1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
          update |= 3;
        }
      }
  }
};

template <class DataType, class DeviceType>
struct TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<DataType, DeviceType, 1> {
  using execution_space = DeviceType;
  using memory_space    = typename execution_space::memory_space;
  using size_type       = typename execution_space::size_type;

  using value_type = int;

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void join(value_type& update, const value_type& input) {
    update |= input;
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  static void init(value_type& update) { update = 0; }

  using left_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, execution_space>;

  using right_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutRight, execution_space>;

  using stride_view =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, Kokkos::LayoutStride, execution_space>;

  left_view left;
  right_view right;
  stride_view left_stride;
  stride_view right_stride;
  long left_alloc;
  long right_alloc;

  TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight(unsigned N0)
      : left("left", N0),
        right("right", N0),
        left_stride(left),
        right_stride(right),
        left_alloc(allocation_count(left)),
        right_alloc(allocation_count(right)) {}

  static void testit(unsigned N0) {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight driver(N0);

    int error_flag = 0;

    Kokkos::parallel_reduce(1, driver, error_flag);

    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag, 0);
  }

  KOKKOS_INLINE_FUNCTION
  void operator()(const size_type, value_type& update) const {
    for (unsigned i0 = 0; i0 < unsigned(left.extent(0)); ++i0) {
      if (&left(i0) != &left(i0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
        update |= 3;
      }
      if (&right(i0) != &right(i0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
        update |= 3;
      }
      if (&left(i0) != &left_stride(i0)) {
        update |= 4;
      }
      if (&right(i0) != &right_stride(i0)) {
        update |= 8;
      }
    }
  }
};

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

template <typename T, class DeviceType>
class TestDynViewAPI {
 public:
  using device = DeviceType;

  enum { N0 = 1000, N1 = 3, N2 = 5, N3 = 7 };

  using dView0       = Kokkos::DynRankView<T, device>;
  using const_dView0 = Kokkos::DynRankView<const T, device>;

  using dView0_unmanaged =
      Kokkos::DynRankView<T, device, Kokkos::MemoryUnmanaged>;
  using host_drv_space = typename dView0::host_mirror_space;

  using View0 = Kokkos::View<T, device>;
  using View1 = Kokkos::View<T*, device>;
  using View2 = Kokkos::View<T**, device>;
  using View3 = Kokkos::View<T***, device>;
  using View4 = Kokkos::View<T****, device>;
  using View5 = Kokkos::View<T*****, device>;
  using View6 = Kokkos::View<T******, device>;
  using View7 = Kokkos::View<T*******, device>;

  using host_view_space = typename View0::host_mirror_space;

  static void run_tests() {
    run_test_resize_realloc<false>();
    run_test_resize_realloc<true>();
    run_test_mirror();
    run_test_mirror_and_copy();
    run_test_scalar();
    run_test();
    run_test_allocated();
    run_test_const();
    run_test_subview();
    run_test_subview_strided();
    run_test_vector();
    run_test_as_view_of_rank_n();
    run_test_layout();
  }

  static void run_operator_test_rank12345() {
    TestViewOperator<T, device>::testit();
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 5>::testit(2, 3, 4, 2, 3);
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 4>::testit(2, 3, 4, 2);
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 3>::testit(2, 3, 4);
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 2>::testit(2, 3);
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 1>::testit(2);
  }

  static void run_operator_test_rank67() {
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 7>::testit(2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2);
    TestViewOperator_LeftAndRight<int, device, 6>::testit(2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4);
  }

  template <bool Initialize>
  static void run_test_resize_realloc() {
    dView0 drv0("drv0", 10, 20, 30);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.rank(), 3u);

    if (Initialize)
      Kokkos::resize(Kokkos::WithoutInitializing, drv0, 5, 10);
    else
      Kokkos::resize(drv0, 5, 10);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.rank(), 2u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(0), 5u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(1), 10u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(2), 1u);

    if (Initialize)
      Kokkos::realloc(Kokkos::WithoutInitializing, drv0, 10, 20);
    else
      Kokkos::realloc(drv0, 10, 20);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.rank(), 2u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(0), 10u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(1), 20u);
    ASSERT_EQ(drv0.extent(2), 1u);
  }

  static void run_test_mirror() {
    using view_type   = Kokkos::DynRankView<int, host_drv_space>;
    using mirror_type = typename view_type::host_mirror_type;
    view_type a("a");
    mirror_type am = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(a);
    mirror_type ax = Kokkos::create_mirror(a);
    ASSERT_EQ(&a(), &am());
    ASSERT_EQ(a.rank(), am.rank());
    ASSERT_EQ(ax.rank(), am.rank());

    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h(
          "A", 1000);
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d  = Kokkos::create_mirror(typename device::memory_space(), a_h);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = (a_h.data() == a_h2.data()) ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = (a_h.data() == a_d.data()) ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = (a_h2.data() == a_d.data()) ? 1 : 0;

      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, 0);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
    }
    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutRight, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h(
          "A", 1000);
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d  = Kokkos::create_mirror(typename device::memory_space(), a_h);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = (a_h.data() == a_h2.data()) ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = (a_h.data() == a_d.data()) ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = (a_h2.data() == a_d.data()) ? 1 : 0;

      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, 0);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, 0);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
    }

    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h(
          "A", 1000);
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d =
          Kokkos::create_mirror_view(typename device::memory_space(), a_h);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = a_h.data() == a_h2.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = a_h.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = a_h2.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;

      int is_same_memspace =
          std::is_same_v<Kokkos::HostSpace, typename device::memory_space> ? 1
                                                                           : 0;
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 1);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, is_same_memspace);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
    }
    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutRight, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h(
          "A", 1000);
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d =
          Kokkos::create_mirror_view(typename device::memory_space(), a_h);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = a_h.data() == a_h2.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = a_h.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = a_h2.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;

      int is_same_memspace =
          std::is_same_v<Kokkos::HostSpace, typename device::memory_space> ? 1
                                                                           : 0;
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 1);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, is_same_memspace);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
    }
    {
      using view_stride_type =
          Kokkos::DynRankView<int, Kokkos::LayoutStride, Kokkos::HostSpace>;
      unsigned order[] = {6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0},
               dimen[] = {N0, N1, N2, 2, 2, 2, 2};  // LayoutRight equivalent
      view_stride_type a_h(
          "a", Kokkos::LayoutStride::order_dimensions(7, order, dimen));
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d =
          Kokkos::create_mirror_view(typename device::memory_space(), a_h);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = a_h.data() == a_h2.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = a_h.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = a_h2.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;

      int is_same_memspace =
          std::is_same_v<Kokkos::HostSpace, typename device::memory_space> ? 1
                                                                           : 0;
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 1);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, is_same_memspace);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
    }
  }

  static void run_test_mirror_and_copy() {
    // LayoutLeft
    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_org(
          "A", 10);
      a_org(5) = 42.0;
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h =
          a_org;
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d  = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(DeviceType(), a_h);
      auto a_h3 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_d);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = a_h.data() == a_h2.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = a_h.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = a_h2.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h3_d = a_h3.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;

      int is_same_memspace =
          std::is_same_v<Kokkos::HostSpace, typename DeviceType::memory_space>
              ? 1
              : 0;
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 1);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h3_d, is_same_memspace);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h3.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h3.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_org.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h3.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_org(5), a_h3(5));
    }
    // LayoutRight
    {
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutRight, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_org(
          "A", 10);
      a_org(5) = 42.0;
      Kokkos::DynRankView<double, Kokkos::LayoutRight, Kokkos::HostSpace> a_h =
          a_org;
      auto a_h2 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_h);
      auto a_d  = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(DeviceType(), a_h);
      auto a_h3 = Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(Kokkos::HostSpace(), a_d);

      int equal_ptr_h_h2 = a_h.data() == a_h2.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h_d  = a_h.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h2_d = a_h2.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;
      int equal_ptr_h3_d = a_h3.data() == a_d.data() ? 1 : 0;

      int is_same_memspace =
          std::is_same_v<Kokkos::HostSpace, typename DeviceType::memory_space>
              ? 1
              : 0;
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_h2, 1);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h2_d, is_same_memspace);
      ASSERT_EQ(equal_ptr_h3_d, is_same_memspace);

      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h3.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_h2.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.extent(0), a_d.extent(0));
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_org.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h2.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_h3.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_h.rank(), a_d.rank());
      ASSERT_EQ(a_org(5), a_h3(5));
    }
  }

  static void run_test_as_view_of_rank_n() {
    Kokkos::View<int, Kokkos::HostSpace> error_flag_host("error_flag");
    error_flag_host() = 0;
    auto error_flag =
        Kokkos::create_mirror_view_and_copy(DeviceType(), error_flag_host);

    dView0 d("d");

    // Rank 0
    Kokkos::resize(d);

    auto policy0 = Kokkos::RangePolicy<DeviceType>(DeviceType(), 0, 1);

    View0 v0 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<0>(d);
    // Assign values after calling as_view_of_rank_n() function under
    // test to ensure aliasing
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy0, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int) { d() = 13; });
    ASSERT_EQ(v0.size(), d.size());
    ASSERT_EQ(v0.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy0, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int) {
          if (d() != v0()) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 1
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1);

    auto policy1 =
        Kokkos::RangePolicy<DeviceType>(DeviceType(), 0, d.extent(0));

    View1 v1 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<1>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy1, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0) { d(i0) = i0; });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v1.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v1.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy1, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0) {
          if (d(i0) != v1(i0)) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 2
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2);

    auto policy2 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<2>>(
        {0, 0}, {d.extent(0), d.extent(1)});

    View2 v2 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<2>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy2, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1) { d(i0, i1) = i0 + 10 * i1; });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v2.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v2.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy2, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1) {
          if (d(i0, i1) != v2(i0, i1)) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 3
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2, 3);

    auto policy3 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<3>>(
        {0, 0, 0}, {d.extent(0), d.extent(1), d.extent(2)});

    View3 v3 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<3>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy3, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2) {
          d(i0, i1, i2) = i0 + 10 * i1 + 100 * i2;
        });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v3.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v3.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy3, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2) {
          if (d(i0, i1, i2) != v3(i0, i1, i2)) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 4
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2, 3, 4);

    auto policy4 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<4>>(
        {0, 0, 0, 0}, {d.extent(0), d.extent(1), d.extent(2), d.extent(3)});

    View4 v4 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<4>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy4, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3) {
          d(i0, i1, i2, i3) = i0 + 10 * i1 + 100 * i2 + 1000 * i3;
        });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v4.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v4.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy4, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3) {
          if (d(i0, i1, i2, i3) != v4(i0, i1, i2, i3)) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 5
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

    auto policy5 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<5>>(
        {0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
        {d.extent(0), d.extent(1), d.extent(2), d.extent(3), d.extent(4)});

    View5 v5 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<5>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy5, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4) {
          d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) =
              i0 + 10 * i1 + 100 * i2 + 1000 * i3 + 10000 * i4;
        });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v5.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v5.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy5, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4) {
          if (d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4) != v5(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4)) error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 6
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);

    auto policy6 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<6>>(
        {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {d.extent(0), d.extent(1), d.extent(2), d.extent(3),
                             d.extent(4), d.extent(5)});

    View6 v6 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<6>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy6, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5) {
          d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) =
              i0 + 10 * i1 + 100 * i2 + 1000 * i3 + 10000 * i4 + 100000 * i5;
        });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v6.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v6.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy6, KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5) {
          if (d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5) != v6(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5))
            error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);

    // Rank 7
    Kokkos::resize(d, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);

    // MDRangePolicy only accepts Rank < 7
#if 0
    auto policy7 = Kokkos::MDRangePolicy<DeviceType, Kokkos::Rank<7>>(
        {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
        {d.extent(0), d.extent(1), d.extent(2), d.extent(3), d.extent(4),
         d.extent(5), d.extent(6)});

    View7 v7 = Kokkos::Impl::as_view_of_rank_n<7>(d);
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy7,
        KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6) {
          d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6) = i0 + 10 * i1 + 100 * i2 + 1000 * i3 +
                                          10000 * i4 + 100000 * i5 +
                                          1000000 * i6;
        });
    for (unsigned int rank = 0; rank < d.rank(); ++rank)
      ASSERT_EQ(v7.extent(rank), d.extent(rank));
    ASSERT_EQ(v7.data(), d.data());
    Kokkos::parallel_for(
        policy7,
        KOKKOS_LAMBDA(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6) {
          if (d(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6) != v7(i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6))
            error_flag() = 1;
        });
    Kokkos::deep_copy(error_flag_host, error_flag);
    ASSERT_EQ(error_flag_host(), 0);
#endif  // MDRangePolict Rank < 7
  }

  static void run_test_scalar() {
    using hView0 =
        typename dView0::host_mirror_type;  // host_mirror_type of DynRankView
                                            // is a DynRankView

    dView0 dx, dy;
    hView0 hx, hy;

    dx = dView0("dx");
    dy = dView0("dy");

    hx = Kokkos::create_mirror(dx);
    hy = Kokkos::create_mirror(dy);

    hx() = 1;

    Kokkos::deep_copy(dx, hx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(dy, dx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hy, dy);

    ASSERT_EQ(hx(), hy());
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.rank(), hx.rank());
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.rank(), hy.rank());

    // View - DynRankView Interoperability tests
    // deep_copy DynRankView to View
    View0 vx("vx");
    Kokkos::deep_copy(vx, dx);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(dx), rank(vx));

    View0 vy("vy");
    Kokkos::deep_copy(vy, dy);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(dy), rank(vy));

    // deep_copy View to DynRankView
    dView0 dxx("dxx");
    Kokkos::deep_copy(dxx, vx);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(dxx), rank(vx));

    View7 vcast = dx.ConstDownCast();
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(0), vcast.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(1), vcast.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(2), vcast.extent(2));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(3), vcast.extent(3));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(4), vcast.extent(4));

    View7 vcast1(dy.ConstDownCast());
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(0), vcast1.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(1), vcast1.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(2), vcast1.extent(2));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(3), vcast1.extent(3));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(4), vcast1.extent(4));

    // View - DynRankView Interoperability tests
    // copy View to DynRankView
    dView0 dfromvx(vx);
    auto hmx = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(dfromvx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hmx, dfromvx);
    auto hvx = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(vx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hvx, vx);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(hvx), rank(hmx));
    ASSERT_EQ(hvx.extent(0), hmx.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hvx.extent(1), hmx.extent(1));

    // copy-assign View to DynRankView
    dView0 dfromvy = vy;
    auto hmy       = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(dfromvy);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hmy, dfromvy);
    auto hvy = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(vy);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hvy, vy);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(hvy), rank(hmy));
    ASSERT_EQ(hvy.extent(0), hmy.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hvy.extent(1), hmy.extent(1));

    View7 vtest1("vtest1", 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2);
    dView0 dfromv1(vtest1);
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv1.rank(), vtest1.rank);
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv1.extent(0), vtest1.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv1.extent(1), vtest1.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv1.use_count(), vtest1.use_count());

    dView0 dfromv2(vcast);
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv2.rank(), vcast.rank);
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv2.extent(0), vcast.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv2.extent(1), vcast.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv2.use_count(), vcast.use_count());

    dView0 dfromv3 = vcast1;
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv3.rank(), vcast1.rank);
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv3.extent(0), vcast1.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv3.extent(1), vcast1.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dfromv3.use_count(), vcast1.use_count());
  }

  static void run_test() {
    // mfh 14 Feb 2014: This test doesn't actually create instances of
    // these types.  In order to avoid "unused type alias"
    // warnings, we declare empty instances of these types, with the
    // usual "(void)" marker to avoid compiler warnings for unused
    // variables.

    using hView0 = typename dView0::host_mirror_type;

    {
      hView0 thing;
      (void)thing;
    }

    dView0 d_uninitialized(
        Kokkos::view_alloc(Kokkos::WithoutInitializing, "uninit"), 10, 20);
    ASSERT_NE(d_uninitialized.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(d_uninitialized.rank(), 2u);
    ASSERT_EQ(d_uninitialized.extent(0), 10u);
    ASSERT_EQ(d_uninitialized.extent(1), 20u);
    ASSERT_EQ(d_uninitialized.extent(2), 1u);

    dView0 dx, dy, dz;
    hView0 hx, hy, hz;

    ASSERT_TRUE(Kokkos::is_dyn_rank_view<dView0>::value);
    ASSERT_FALSE(Kokkos::is_dyn_rank_view<Kokkos::View<double>>::value);

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.data(), nullptr);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.data(), nullptr);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(dz.data(), nullptr);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(hz.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(0), 0u);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(0), 0u);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(dz.extent(0), 0u);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(0), 0u);
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(0), 0u);
    ASSERT_EQ(hz.extent(0), 0u);
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.rank(), 0u);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.rank(), 0u);

    dx = dView0("dx", N1, N2, N3);
    dy = dView0("dy", N1, N2, N3);

    hx = hView0("hx", N1, N2, N3);
    hy = hView0("hy", N1, N2, N3);

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(0), unsigned(N1));  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(0), unsigned(N1));  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(0), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(0), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.rank(), 3u);  // Okay with UVM
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.rank(), 3u);

    dx = dView0("dx", N0, N1, N2, N3);
    dy = dView0("dy", N0, N1, N2, N3);
    hx = hView0("hx", N0, N1, N2, N3);
    hy = hView0("hy", N0, N1, N2, N3);

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.rank(), 4u);

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 1);

    dView0_unmanaged unmanaged_dx = dx;
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 1);

    dView0_unmanaged unmanaged_from_ptr_dx = dView0_unmanaged(
        dx.data(), dx.extent(0), dx.extent(1), dx.extent(2), dx.extent(3));

    {
      // Destruction of this view should be harmless
      const_dView0 unmanaged_from_ptr_const_dx(
          dx.data(), dx.extent(0), dx.extent(1), dx.extent(2), dx.extent(3));
    }

    const_dView0 const_dx = dx;
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 2);

    {
      const_dView0 const_dx2;
      const_dx2 = const_dx;
      ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 3);

      const_dx2 = dy;
      ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 2);

      const_dView0 const_dx3(dx);
      ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 3);

      dView0_unmanaged dx4_unmanaged(dx);
      ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 3);
    }

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.use_count(), 2);

    ASSERT_NE(dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(const_dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(unmanaged_dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(unmanaged_from_ptr_dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(dy.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(dx, dy);

    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(1), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(2), unsigned(N2));
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.extent(3), unsigned(N3));

    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(1), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(2), unsigned(N2));
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.extent(3), unsigned(N3));

    ASSERT_EQ(unmanaged_from_ptr_dx.span(),
              unsigned(N0) * unsigned(N1) * unsigned(N2) * unsigned(N3));

    hx = Kokkos::create_mirror(dx);
    hy = Kokkos::create_mirror(dy);

    ASSERT_EQ(hx.rank(), dx.rank());
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.rank(), dy.rank());

    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(1), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(2), unsigned(N2));
    ASSERT_EQ(hx.extent(3), unsigned(N3));

    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(0), unsigned(N0));
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(1), unsigned(N1));
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(2), unsigned(N2));
    ASSERT_EQ(hy.extent(3), unsigned(N3));

    // T v1 = hx() ;    // Generates compile error as intended
    // T v2 = hx(0,0) ; // Generates compile error as intended
    // hx(0,0) = v2 ;   // Generates compile error as intended

#if 0 /* Asynchronous deep copies not implemented for dynamic rank view */
    // Testing with asynchronous deep copy with respect to device
    {
      size_t count = 0 ;
      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < hx.extent(1) ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < hx.extent(2) ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < hx.extent(3) ; ++i3 ) {
        hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) = ++count ;
      }}}}


      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename hView0::execution_space(), dx , hx );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename hView0::execution_space(), dy , dx );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename hView0::execution_space(), hy , dy );

      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < N1 ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < N2 ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < N3 ; ++i3 ) {
        { ASSERT_EQ( hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) , hy(ip,i1,i2,i3) ); }
      }}}}

      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename hView0::execution_space(), dx , T(0) );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename hView0::execution_space(), hx , dx );

      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < N1 ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < N2 ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < N3 ; ++i3 ) {
        { ASSERT_EQ( hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) , T(0) ); }
      }}}}
    }

    // Testing with asynchronous deep copy with respect to host
    {
      size_t count = 0 ;
      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < hx.extent(1) ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < hx.extent(2) ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < hx.extent(3) ; ++i3 ) {
        hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) = ++count ;
      }}}}

      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename dView0::execution_space(), dx , hx );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename dView0::execution_space(), dy , dx );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename dView0::execution_space(), hy , dy );

      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < N1 ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < N2 ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < N3 ; ++i3 ) {
        { ASSERT_EQ( hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) , hy(ip,i1,i2,i3) ); }
      }}}}

      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename dView0::execution_space(), dx , T(0) );
      Kokkos::deep_copy(typename dView0::execution_space(), hx , dx );

      for ( size_t ip = 0 ; ip < N0 ; ++ip ) {
      for ( size_t i1 = 0 ; i1 < N1 ; ++i1 ) {
      for ( size_t i2 = 0 ; i2 < N2 ; ++i2 ) {
      for ( size_t i3 = 0 ; i3 < N3 ; ++i3 ) {
        { ASSERT_EQ( hx(ip,i1,i2,i3) , T(0) ); }
      }}}}
    }
#endif

    // Testing with synchronous deep copy
    {
      size_t count = 0;
      for (size_t ip = 0; ip < N0; ++ip) {
        for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < hx.extent(1); ++i1) {
          for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < hx.extent(2); ++i2) {
            for (size_t i3 = 0; i3 < hx.extent(3); ++i3) {
              hx(ip, i1, i2, i3) = ++count;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      Kokkos::deep_copy(dx, hx);
      Kokkos::deep_copy(dy, dx);
      Kokkos::deep_copy(hy, dy);
      Kokkos::fence();

      for (size_t ip = 0; ip < N0; ++ip) {
        for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < N1; ++i1) {
          for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < N2; ++i2) {
            for (size_t i3 = 0; i3 < N3; ++i3) {
              {
                ASSERT_EQ(hx(ip, i1, i2, i3), hy(ip, i1, i2, i3));
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

      Kokkos::deep_copy(dx, T(0));
      Kokkos::deep_copy(hx, dx);
      Kokkos::fence();

      for (size_t ip = 0; ip < N0; ++ip) {
        for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < N1; ++i1) {
          for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < N2; ++i2) {
            for (size_t i3 = 0; i3 < N3; ++i3) {
              {
                ASSERT_EQ(hx(ip, i1, i2, i3), T(0));
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      //    ASSERT_EQ( hx(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0) , T(0) ); //Test rank8 op behaves
      //    properly - if implemented
    }

    dz = dx;
    ASSERT_EQ(dx, dz);
    ASSERT_NE(dy, dz);
    dz = dy;
    ASSERT_EQ(dy, dz);
    ASSERT_NE(dx, dz);

    dx = dView0();
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(dy.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(dz.data(), nullptr);
    dy = dView0();
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_NE(dz.data(), nullptr);
    dz = dView0();
    ASSERT_EQ(dx.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(dy.data(), nullptr);
    ASSERT_EQ(dz.data(), nullptr);

    // View - DynRankView Interoperability tests
    // deep_copy from view to dynrankview
    constexpr size_t testdim = 4;
    dView0 dxx("dxx", testdim);
    View1 vxx("vxx", testdim);
    auto hvxx = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(vxx);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < testdim; ++i) {
      hvxx(i) = i;
    }
    Kokkos::deep_copy(vxx, hvxx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(dxx, vxx);
    auto hdxx = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(dxx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hdxx, dxx);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < testdim; ++i) {
      ASSERT_EQ(hvxx(i), hdxx(i));
    }

    ASSERT_EQ(rank(hdxx), rank(hvxx));
    ASSERT_EQ(hdxx.extent(0), testdim);
    ASSERT_EQ(hdxx.extent(0), hvxx.extent(0));

    // deep_copy from dynrankview to view
    View1 vdxx("vdxx", testdim);
    auto hvdxx = Kokkos::create_mirror_view(vdxx);
    Kokkos::deep_copy(hvdxx, hdxx);
    ASSERT_EQ(rank(hdxx), rank(hvdxx));
    ASSERT_EQ(hvdxx.extent(0), testdim);
    ASSERT_EQ(hdxx.extent(0), hvdxx.extent(0));
    for (size_t i = 0; i < testdim; ++i) {
      ASSERT_EQ(hvxx(i), hvdxx(i));
    }
  }

  using DataType = T;

  static void check_auto_conversion_to_const(
      const Kokkos::DynRankView<const DataType, device>& arg_const,
      const Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, device>& arg) {
    ASSERT_EQ(arg_const, arg);
  }

  static void run_test_allocated() {
    using device_type = Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, device>;

    const int N1 = 100;
    const int N2 = 10;

    device_type d1;
    ASSERT_FALSE(d1.is_allocated());

    d1 = device_type("d1", N1, N2);
    device_type d2(d1);
    device_type d3("d3", N1);
    ASSERT_TRUE(d1.is_allocated());
    ASSERT_TRUE(d2.is_allocated());
    ASSERT_TRUE(d3.is_allocated());
  }

  static void run_test_const() {
    using typeX       = Kokkos::DynRankView<DataType, device>;
    using const_typeX = Kokkos::DynRankView<const DataType, device>;
    using const_typeR =
        Kokkos::DynRankView<const DataType, device, Kokkos::MemoryRandomAccess>;
    typeX x("X", 2);
    const_typeX xc = x;
    const_typeR xr = x;

    ASSERT_EQ(xc, x);
    ASSERT_EQ(x, xc);

    // For CUDA the constant random access View does not return
    // an lvalue reference due to retrieving through texture cache
    // therefore not allowed to query the underlying pointer.
#if defined(KOKKOS_ENABLE_CUDA)
    if (!std::is_same_v<typename device::execution_space, Kokkos::Cuda>)
#endif
    {
      ASSERT_EQ(x.data(), xr.data());
    }

    // typeX xf = xc ; // setting non-const from const must not compile

    check_auto_conversion_to_const(x, x);
  }

  static void run_test_subview() {
    using cdView = Kokkos::DynRankView<const T, device>;
    using dView  = Kokkos::DynRankView<T, device>;
    // LayoutStride required for all returned DynRankView subdynrankview's
    using sdView = Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutStride, device>;

    dView0 d0("d0");
    cdView s0 = d0;

    //  N0 = 1000,N1 = 3,N2 = 5,N3 = 7
    unsigned order[] = {6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0},
             dimen[] = {N0, N1, N2, 2, 2, 2, 2};  // LayoutRight equivalent
    sdView d7("d7", Kokkos::LayoutStride::order_dimensions(7, order, dimen));
    ASSERT_EQ(d7.rank(), 7u);

    sdView ds0 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(d7, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
    ASSERT_EQ(ds0.rank(), 0u);

    // Basic test - ALL
    sdView dsALL = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        d7, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL());
    ASSERT_EQ(dsALL.rank(), 7u);

    //  Send a value to final rank returning rank 6 subview
    sdView dsm1 =
        Kokkos::subdynrankview(d7, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
                               Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), 1);
    ASSERT_EQ(dsm1.rank(), 6u);

    //  Send a std::pair as argument to a rank
    sdView dssp = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        d7, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), std::pair<unsigned, unsigned>(1, 2));
    ASSERT_EQ(dssp.rank(), 7u);

    //  Send a kokkos::pair as argument to a rank; take default layout as input
    dView0 dd0("dd0", N0, N1, N2, 2, 2, 2, 2);  // default layout
    ASSERT_EQ(dd0.rank(), 7u);
    sdView dtkp = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        dd0, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::pair<unsigned, unsigned>(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(dtkp.rank(), 7u);

    // Return rank 7 subview, taking a pair as one argument, layout stride input
    sdView ds7 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        d7, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::pair<unsigned, unsigned>(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds7.rank(), 7u);

    // Default Layout DynRankView
    dView dv6("dv6", N0, N1, N2, N3, 2, 2);
    ASSERT_EQ(dv6.rank(), 6u);

    // DynRankView with LayoutRight
    using drView = Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutRight, device>;
    drView dr5("dr5", N0, N1, N2, 2, 2);
    ASSERT_EQ(dr5.rank(), 5u);

    // LayoutStride but arranged as LayoutRight
    // NOTE: unused arg_layout dimensions must be set toKOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX so
    // that
    //  rank deduction can properly take place
    unsigned order5[] = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0}, dimen5[] = {N0, N1, N2, 2, 2};
    Kokkos::LayoutStride ls =
        Kokkos::LayoutStride::order_dimensions(5, order5, dimen5);
    ls.dimension[5] = KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX;
    ls.dimension[6] = KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX;
    ls.dimension[7] = KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX;
    sdView d5("d5", ls);
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.rank(), 5u);

    //  LayoutStride arranged as LayoutRight - commented out as example that
    //  fails unit test
    //    unsigned order5[] = { 4,3,2,1,0 }, dimen5[] = { N0, N1, N2, 2, 2 };
    //    sdView d5( "d5" , Kokkos::LayoutStride::order_dimensions(5, order5,
    //    dimen5) );
    //
    //  Fails the following unit test:
    //    ASSERT_EQ( d5.rank() , dr5.rank() );
    //
    //  Explanation: In construction of the Kokkos::LayoutStride below, since
    //  the
    //   remaining dimensions are not specified, they will default to values of
    //   0 rather thanKOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX.
    //  When passed to the DynRankView constructor the default dimensions (of 0)
    //   will be counted toward the dynamic rank and returning an incorrect
    //   value (i.e. rank 7 rather than 5).

    // Check LayoutRight dr5 and LayoutStride d5 dimensions agree (as they
    // should)
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(0), dr5.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(1), dr5.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(2), dr5.extent(2));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(3), dr5.extent(3));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(4), dr5.extent(4));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.extent(5), dr5.extent(5));
    ASSERT_EQ(d5.rank(), dr5.rank());

    // Rank 5 subview of rank 5 dynamic rank view, layout stride input
    sdView ds5 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(d5, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
                                        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
                                        Kokkos::pair<unsigned, unsigned>(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds5.rank(), 5u);

    // Pass in extra ALL arguments beyond the rank of the DynRank View.
    // This behavior is allowed - ignore the extra ALL arguments when
    //  the src.rank() < number of arguments, but be careful!
    sdView ds5plus = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        d5, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
        Kokkos::pair<unsigned, unsigned>(0, 1), Kokkos::ALL());

    ASSERT_EQ(ds5.rank(), ds5plus.rank());
    ASSERT_EQ(ds5.extent(0), ds5plus.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds5.extent(4), ds5plus.extent(4));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds5.extent(5), ds5plus.extent(5));

#if (!defined(KOKKOS_ENABLE_CUDA) || defined(KOKKOS_ENABLE_CUDA_UVM)) && \
    !defined(KOKKOS_ENABLE_HIP) && !defined(KOKKOS_ENABLE_SYCL)
    ASSERT_EQ(&ds5(1, 1, 1, 1, 0) - &ds5plus(1, 1, 1, 1, 0), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(&ds5(1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0) - &ds5plus(1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0),
              0);  // passing argument to rank beyond the view's rank is allowed
                   // iff it is a 0.
#endif

    // Similar test to rank 5 above, but create rank 4 subview
    // Check that the rank contracts (ds4 and ds4plus) and that subdynrankview
    // can accept extra args (ds4plus)
    sdView ds4 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(d5, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
                                        Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), 0);
    sdView ds4plus =
        Kokkos::subdynrankview(d5, Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(), Kokkos::ALL(),
                               Kokkos::ALL(), 0, Kokkos::ALL());

    ASSERT_EQ(ds4.rank(), ds4plus.rank());
    ASSERT_EQ(ds4.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(ds4.extent(0), ds4plus.extent(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds4.extent(4), ds4plus.extent(4));
    ASSERT_EQ(ds4.extent(5), ds4plus.extent(5));
  }

  static void run_test_subview_strided() {
    using drview_left =
        Kokkos::DynRankView<int, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, host_drv_space>;
    using drview_right =
        Kokkos::DynRankView<int, Kokkos::LayoutRight, host_drv_space>;
    using drview_stride =
        Kokkos::DynRankView<int, Kokkos::LayoutStride, host_drv_space>;

    drview_left xl2("xl2", 100, 200);
    drview_right xr2("xr2", 100, 200);
    drview_stride yl1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xl2, 0, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride yl2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xl2, 1, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride ys1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xr2, 0, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride ys2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xr2, 1, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride yr1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xr2, 0, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride yr2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(xr2, 1, Kokkos::ALL());

    ASSERT_EQ(yl1.extent(0), xl2.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(yl2.extent(0), xl2.extent(1));

    ASSERT_EQ(yr1.extent(0), xr2.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(yr2.extent(0), xr2.extent(1));

    ASSERT_EQ(&yl1(0) - &xl2(0, 0), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(&yl2(0) - &xl2(1, 0), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(&yr1(0) - &xr2(0, 0), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(&yr2(0) - &xr2(1, 0), 0);

    drview_left xl4("xl4", 10, 20, 30, 40);
    drview_right xr4("xr4", 10, 20, 30, 40);

    // Replace subdynrankview with subview - test
    drview_stride yl4 =
        Kokkos::subview(xl4, 1, Kokkos::ALL(), 2, Kokkos::ALL());
    drview_stride yr4 =
        Kokkos::subview(xr4, 1, Kokkos::ALL(), 2, Kokkos::ALL());

    ASSERT_EQ(yl4.extent(0), xl4.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(yl4.extent(1), xl4.extent(3));
    ASSERT_EQ(yr4.extent(0), xr4.extent(1));
    ASSERT_EQ(yr4.extent(1), xr4.extent(3));
    ASSERT_EQ(yl4.rank(), 2u);
    ASSERT_EQ(yr4.rank(), 2u);

    ASSERT_EQ(&yl4(4, 4) - &xl4(1, 4, 2, 4), 0);
    ASSERT_EQ(&yr4(4, 4) - &xr4(1, 4, 2, 4), 0);
  }

  static void run_test_vector() {
    static const unsigned Length = 1000, Count = 8;

    using multivector_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutLeft, host_drv_space>;

    using multivector_right_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutRight, host_drv_space>;

    multivector_type mv = multivector_type("mv", Length, Count);
    multivector_right_type mv_right =
        multivector_right_type("mv", Length, Count);

    using svector_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutStride, host_drv_space>;
    using smultivector_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<T, Kokkos::LayoutStride, host_drv_space>;
    using const_svector_right_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<const T, Kokkos::LayoutStride,
                                     host_drv_space>;
    using const_svector_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<const T, Kokkos::LayoutStride,
                                     host_drv_space>;
    using const_smultivector_type =
        typename Kokkos::DynRankView<const T, Kokkos::LayoutStride,
                                     host_drv_space>;

    svector_type v1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 0);
    svector_type v2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 1);
    svector_type v3 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 2);

    svector_type rv1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv_right, 0, Kokkos::ALL());
    svector_type rv2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv_right, 1, Kokkos::ALL());
    svector_type rv3 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv_right, 2, Kokkos::ALL());

    smultivector_type mv1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, std::make_pair(1, 998),
                                                   std::make_pair(2, 5));

    smultivector_type mvr1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(
        mv_right, std::make_pair(1, 998), std::make_pair(2, 5));

    const_svector_type cv1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 0);
    const_svector_type cv2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 1);
    const_svector_type cv3 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 2);

    svector_type vr1 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 0);
    svector_type vr2 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 1);
    svector_type vr3 = Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 2);

    const_svector_right_type cvr1 =
        Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 0);
    const_svector_right_type cvr2 =
        Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 1);
    const_svector_right_type cvr3 =
        Kokkos::subdynrankview(mv, Kokkos::ALL(), 2);

    ASSERT_EQ(&v1[0], &v1(0));
    ASSERT_EQ(&v1[0], &mv(0, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(&v2[0], &mv(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(&v3[0], &mv(0, 2));

    ASSERT_EQ(&cv1[0], &mv(0, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(&cv2[0], &mv(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(&cv3[0], &mv(0, 2));

    ASSERT_EQ(&vr1[0], &mv(0, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(&vr2[0], &mv(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(&vr3[0], &mv(0, 2));

    ASSERT_EQ(&cvr1[0], &mv(0, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(&cvr2[0], &mv(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(&cvr3[0], &mv(0, 2));

    ASSERT_EQ(&mv1(0, 0), &mv(1, 2));
    ASSERT_EQ(&mv1(1, 1), &mv(2, 3));
    ASSERT_EQ(&mv1(3, 2), &mv(4, 4));
    ASSERT_EQ(&mvr1(0, 0), &mv_right(1, 2));
    ASSERT_EQ(&mvr1(1, 1), &mv_right(2, 3));
    ASSERT_EQ(&mvr1(3, 2), &mv_right(4, 4));

    const_svector_type c_cv1(v1);
    typename svector_type::const_type c_cv2(v2);
    typename const_svector_type::const_type c_ccv2(v2);

    const_smultivector_type cmv(mv);
    typename smultivector_type::const_type cmvX(cmv);
    typename const_smultivector_type::const_type ccmvX(cmv);
  }

  static void run_test_layout() {
    Kokkos::DynRankView<double> d("source", 1, 2, 3, 4);
    Kokkos::DynRankView<double> e("dest");

    auto props = Kokkos::view_alloc(Kokkos::WithoutInitializing, d.label());
    e          = Kokkos::DynRankView<double>(props, d.layout());

    ASSERT_EQ(d.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(e.rank(), 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(e.label(), "source");

    auto ulayout = e.layout();
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[0], 1u);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[1], 2u);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[2], 3u);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[3], 4u);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[4], KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[5], KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[6], KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX);
    ASSERT_EQ(ulayout.dimension[7], KOKKOS_INVALID_INDEX);
  }
};

}  // namespace Test

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
