Package java.sql
javax.sql.RowSet group of interfaces, can be customized to
 use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular
 data source.
 What the JDBC 4.3 API Includes
The JDBC 4.3 API includes both thejava.sql package, referred to as the JDBC core API,
 and the javax.sql package, referred to as the JDBC Optional
 Package API. This complete JDBC API
 is included in the Java Standard Edition (Java SE), version 7.
 The javax.sql package extends the functionality of the JDBC API
 from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part
 of the Java  Enterprise Edition
 (Java EE) technology.
 Versions
The JDBC 4.3 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions:- The JDBC 4.2 API
- The JDBC 4.1 API
- The JDBC 4.0 API
- The JDBC 3.0 API
- The JDBC 2.1 core API
-  The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API
 (Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.)
- The JDBC 1.2 API
- The JDBC 1.0 API
Classes, interfaces, methods, fields, constructors, and exceptions have the following "since" tags that indicate when they were introduced into the Java platform. When these "since" tags are used in Javadoc comments for the JDBC API, they indicate the following:
- Since 9 -- new in the JDBC 4.3 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 9
- Since 1.8 -- new in the JDBC 4.2 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 8
- Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 7
- Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 6
- Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.4
- Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.2
- Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of the JDK, version 1.1
NOTE: Many of the new features are optional; consequently, there is some variation in drivers and the features they support. Always check your driver's documentation to see whether it supports a feature before you try to use it.
 NOTE: The class SQLPermission was added in the
 Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition,
 version 1.3 release. This class is used to prevent unauthorized
 access to the logging stream associated with the DriverManager,
 which may contain information such as table names, column data, and so on.
 
What the java.sql Package Contains
 The java.sql package contains API for the following:
 - Making a connection with a database via the DriverManagerfacility- DriverManagerclass -- makes a connection with a driver
- SQLPermissionclass -- provides permission when code running within a Security Manager, such as an applet, attempts to set up a logging stream through the- DriverManager
- Driverinterface -- provides the API for registering and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers"); generally used only by the- DriverManagerclass
- DriverPropertyInfoclass -- provides properties for a JDBC driver; not used by the general user
 
- Sending SQL statements to a database
   - Statement-- used to send basic SQL statements
- PreparedStatement-- used to send prepared statements or basic SQL statements (derived from- Statement)
- CallableStatement-- used to call database stored procedures (derived from- PreparedStatement)
- Connectioninterface -- provides methods for creating statements and managing connections and their properties
- Savepoint-- provides savepoints in a transaction
 
- Retrieving and updating the results of a query
   - ResultSetinterface
 
- Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the
       Java programming language
   - Arrayinterface -- mapping for SQL- ARRAY
- Blobinterface -- mapping for SQL- BLOB
- Clobinterface -- mapping for SQL- CLOB
- Dateclass -- mapping for SQL- DATE
- NClobinterface -- mapping for SQL- NCLOB
- Refinterface -- mapping for SQL- REF
- RowIdinterface -- mapping for SQL- ROWID
- Structinterface -- mapping for SQL- STRUCT
- SQLXMLinterface -- mapping for SQL- XML
- Timeclass -- mapping for SQL- TIME
- Timestampclass -- mapping for SQL- TIMESTAMP
- Typesclass -- provides constants for SQL types
 
- Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the
        Java programming language
   - SQLDatainterface -- specifies the mapping of a UDT to an instance of this class
- SQLInputinterface -- provides methods for reading UDT attributes from a stream
- SQLOutputinterface -- provides methods for writing UDT attributes back to a stream
 
- Metadata
   - DatabaseMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the database
- ResultSetMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the columns of a- ResultSetobject
- ParameterMetaDatainterface -- provides information about the parameters to- PreparedStatementcommands
 
- Exceptions
      - SQLException-- thrown by most methods when there is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasons
- SQLWarning-- thrown to indicate a warning
- DataTruncation-- thrown to indicate that data may have been truncated
- BatchUpdateException-- thrown to indicate that not all commands in a batch update executed successfully
 
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.3 API
 - Added Shardingsupport
- Enhanced Connectionto be able to provide hints to the driver that a request, an independent unit of work, is beginning or ending
- Enhanced DatabaseMetaDatato determine if Sharding is supported
- Added the method driverstoDriverManagerto return a Stream of the currently loaded and available JDBC drivers
- Added support to Statementfor enquoting literals and simple identifiers
- Clarified the Java SE version that methods were deprecated
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.2 API
 - Added JDBCTypeenum andSQLTypeinterface
- Support for REF CURSORSinCallableStatement
- DatabaseMetaDatamethods to return maximum Logical LOB size and if Ref Cursors are supported
- Added support for large update counts
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API
 - Allow Connection,ResultSetandStatementobjects to be used with the try-with-resources statement
- Support added to CallableStatementandResultSetto specify the Java type to convert to via thegetObjectmethod
- DatabaseMetaDatamethods to return PseudoColumns and if a generated key is always returned
- Added support to Connectionto specify a database schema, abort and timeout a physical connection.
- Added support to close a Statementobject when its dependent objects have been closed
- Support for obtaining the parent logger for a Driver,DataSource,ConnectionPoolDataSourceandXADataSource
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API
 - auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a
 java.sql.Driverclass viaClass.forName
- National Character Set support added
- Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type
- SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions added for common SQLState class value codes
- Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance as well as additional methods added to improve accessibility
- Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID
- Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection pooling environment.
- Availability to be notified when a PreparedStatementthat is associated with aPooledConnectionhas been closed or the driver determines is invalid
java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API
 - Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled connection
- Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated savepoint
- Properties defined for ConnectionPoolDataSource-- specify how connections are to be pooled
- Metadata for parameters of a PreparedStatementobject
- Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns
- Ability to have multiple ResultSetobjects returned fromCallableStatementobjects open at the same time
- Ability to identify parameters to CallableStatementobjects by name as well as by index
- ResultSetholdability -- ability to specify whether cursors should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction
- Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a
       Refobject references
- Ability to programmatically update BLOB,CLOB,ARRAY, andREFvalues.
- Addition of the java.sql.Types.DATALINKdata type -- allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source
- Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies
java.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API
 - Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the ResultSetinterface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a position relative to its current position
- Batch updates
- Programmatic updates--using ResultSetupdater methods
- New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
- Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs)
- Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character
       streams, full precision for java.math.BigDecimalvalues, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.
javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional
 Package API
 - The DataSourceinterface as a means of making a connection. The Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) is used for registering aDataSourceobject with a naming service and also for retrieving it.
- Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused
- Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse DBMS servers
- RowSettechnology -- providing a convenient means of handling and passing data
Custom Mapping of UDTs
A user-defined type (UDT) defined in SQL can be mapped to a class in the Java programming language. An SQL structured type or an SQLDISTINCT
 type are the UDTs that may be custom mapped.  The following three
 steps set up a custom mapping:
 - Defining the SQL structured type or DISTINCTtype in SQL
- Defining the class in the Java programming language to which the
       SQL UDT will be mapped.  This class must implement the
       SQLDatainterface.
- Making an entry in a Connectionobject's type map that contains two things:- the fully-qualified SQL name of the UDT
- the Classobject for the class that implements theSQLDatainterface
 
 When these are in place for a UDT, calling the methods
 ResultSet.getObject or CallableStatement.getObject
 on that UDT will automatically retrieve the custom mapping for it. Also, the
 PreparedStatement.setObject method will automatically map the
 object back to its SQL type to store it in the data source.
 
Package Specification
Related Documentation
- Lesson:JDBC Basics(The Java Tutorials > JDBC Database Access)
- “JDBC API Tutorial and Reference, Third Edition”
- 
ClassDescriptionThe mapping in the Java programming language for the SQL typeARRAY.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when an error occurs during a batch update operation.The representation (mapping) in the Java programming language of an SQLBLOBvalue.The interface used to execute SQL stored procedures.Enumeration for status of the reason that a property could not be set via a call toConnection.setClientInfoThe mapping in the Java programming language for the SQLCLOBtype.A connection (session) with a specific database.A builder created from aDataSourceobject, used to establish a connection to the database that thedata sourceobject represents.Comprehensive information about the database as a whole.An exception thrown as aDataTruncationexception (on writes) or reported as aDataTruncationwarning (on reads) when a data values is unexpectedly truncated for reasons other than its having exceededMaxFieldSize.A thin wrapper around a millisecond value that allows JDBC to identify this as an SQLDATEvalue.The interface that every driver class must implement.An interface that must be implemented when a Driver wants to be notified byDriverManager.The basic service for managing a set of JDBC drivers.Driver properties for making a connection.Defines the constants that are used to identify generic SQL types, called JDBC types.The mapping in the Java programming language for the SQLNCLOBtype.An object that can be used to get information about the types and properties for each parameter marker in aPreparedStatementobject.An object that represents a precompiled SQL statement.Enumeration for pseudo/hidden column usage.The mapping in the Java programming language of an SQLREFvalue, which is a reference to an SQL structured type value in the database.A table of data representing a database result set, which is usually generated by executing a statement that queries the database.An object that can be used to get information about the types and properties of the columns in aResultSetobject.The representation (mapping) in the Java programming language of an SQL ROWID value.Enumeration for RowId life-time values.The representation of a savepoint, which is a point within the current transaction that can be referenced from theConnection.rollbackmethod.Interface used to indicate that this object represents a Sharding Key.A builder created from aDataSourceorXADataSourceobject, used to create aShardingKeywith sub-keys of supported data types.The subclass ofSQLExceptionis thrown when one or more client info properties could not be set on aConnection.The interface used for the custom mapping of an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the Java programming language.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '22', or under vendor-specified conditions.An exception that provides information on a database access error or other errors.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '0A' ( the value is 'zero' A).An input stream that contains a stream of values representing an instance of an SQL structured type or an SQL distinct type.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '23', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '28', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown for the SQLState class value '08', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when an instance where a retry of the same operation would fail unless the cause of theSQLExceptionis corrected.The output stream for writing the attributes of a user-defined type back to the database.The permission for which theSecurityManagerwill check when code that is running an application with aSecurityManagerenabled, calls theDriverManager.deregisterDrivermethod,DriverManager.setLogWritermethod,DriverManager.setLogStream(deprecated) method,SyncFactory.setJNDIContextmethod,SyncFactory.setLoggermethod,Connection.setNetworkTimeoutmethod, or theConnection.abortmethod.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown in situations where a previously failed operation might be able to succeed if the application performs some recovery steps and retries the entire transaction or in the case of a distributed transaction, the transaction branch.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '42', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the timeout specified byStatement.setQueryTimeout,DriverManager.setLoginTimeout,DataSource.setLoginTimeout,XADataSource.setLoginTimeouthas expired.The subclass ofSQLExceptionthrown when the SQLState class value is '40', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionfor the SQLState class value '08', or under vendor-specified conditions.The subclass ofSQLExceptionis thrown in situations where a previously failed operation might be able to succeed when the operation is retried without any intervention by application-level functionality.An object that is used to identify a generic SQL type, called a JDBC type or a vendor specific data type.An exception that provides information on database access warnings.The mapping in the JavaTM programming language for the SQL XML type.The object used for executing a static SQL statement and returning the results it produces.The standard mapping in the Java programming language for an SQL structured type.A thin wrapper around thejava.util.Dateclass that allows the JDBC API to identify this as an SQLTIMEvalue.A thin wrapper aroundjava.util.Datethat allows the JDBC API to identify this as an SQLTIMESTAMPvalue.The class that defines the constants that are used to identify generic SQL types, called JDBC types.Interface for JDBC classes which provide the ability to retrieve the delegate instance when the instance in question is in fact a proxy class.