<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% first draft of TeXpert desktop publishing glossary...
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\g{A4}
The standard European size paper used in most \s{laser
printers}. A few printers can handle A3 pages, but are
considerably more expensive.

\g{Accent}
a punctuation mark that appears above a character in a
line of text. See also \s{floating accents}.

\g{Ad:Ed ratio}
the proportion of advertising to editorial space.

\g{Adobe systems}
author of \s{PostScript}, a \s{page description
language}.

\g{Aldus}
author of Pagemaker, the first \dtp\ program to be
marketed (in 1985).

\g{Alignment}
lining up text and graphical material using a horizontal
base, or vertical line as a reference point.

\g{Alphabet (length or width)}
the measurement of a complete set of \s{lower case}
alphabet characters in a given \s{typesize}, expressed
in \s{points} or \s{picas}.

\g{Apex}
the point of a character where two lines meet at the top,
such as in the letters A or W.

\g{Apple}
an American company responsible for the Macintosh
computer, the original `desktop publishing' machine.

\g{Artwork (a/w)}
an original copy of an image, such as a line drawing, to
be photographed for inclusion in the final
\s{plate}-making process, prior to traditional printing

\g{Ascender}
any part of a lower case letter which extends above the
\s{x-height}.  For example, the upper half of the
vertical in the letters b, d, f, h, k, l and t.

\g{Author's corrections}
changes made to the \s{copy} by the author after
\s{typesetting} but not including those made as a result
of errors in \s{keying in} the text.

\g{Backslant}
letters that slant the opposite way from \s{italic}
characters.

\g{Banner}
a heading or title extending the width of a page.

\g{Baseline}
the imaginary line on which the base of capital
(\s{upper case}) letters sit. \s{Descenders} on \s{lower
case} letters like the g or y will extend below the
baseline.

\g{Binding}
to join together the pages of a publication, complete
with covers.  Some common methods include \s{saddle
stitching} and \s{perfect binding}.

\g{Bit map graphics}
a common method of defining an image by breaking it down
into dots. Each dot is represented by a bit (binary
digit), either zero or one. Images that are \s{scanned}
into a \dtp\ program, or output from \s{paint programs}
tend to be bit mapped, and generally appear more ragged
and at a lower \s{resolution} than \s{graphics} from other
sources such as \s{draw programs}. An potential
alternative to the bit mapped image may be to describe
the image using vectors, which hold its resolution better.

\g{Black letter}
a term used to describe \s{typefaces} made up of both
thick and thin lines, such as Old English.

\g{Bleed}
the area of the page between the outside edge of the
margin and the edge of the page. In most cases this is
not printed upon, but for magazine work bleed printing
may be necessary.

\g{Blow up}
publishing terminology for enlarging a photograph.

\g{Body}
often called `body text', `body copy' or `body type'. 
The bulk of the text in a document, in a particular style
and size of \s{type}, as opposed to headings, titles etc.

\g{Body size}
the height of the \s{type} measured from the top of the
tallest \s{ascender} to the bottom of the lowest
\s{descender}. Normally given in \s{points}, the
standard unit of type size.

\g{Bold type}
\s{type} with a heavier darker appearance. Most
\s{typefaces} include a boldface \s{font}.

\g{Break}
the end of a line, paragraph or page.

\g{Bromide}
a special sort of coated paper upon which
\s{photo-typeset} material is printed.  Output from
\s{typesetters} is processed photographically to produce
a bromide master, which can then be used for \s{page
makeup} and \s{plate} making. Se also \s{galley proofs}.

\g{Bullet}
a large solid dot ($\bullet$) used to precede text for
emphasis, as in an itemised list.

\g{By-line}
the name of the author of an article as printed on the
page.

\g{Camera-ready}
in traditional typesetting, the finished page, including
all text and illustrations, and any
\s{artwork} or \s{pasted-up} material, ready for the
printer to begin the \s{film} and \s{plate} making
process for reproduction. This phrase is also used to
refer to \dtp\ output onto a \s{laser printer}, although
the \s{resolution} of laser printers cannot match that of
\s{typesetters}, and some publishers may not regard laser
printed pages as sufficiently high quality to use as
camera-ready.

\g{Canon}
the company responsible for the low-cost \s{laser
printer} --- the Canon \s{print engine} has been used
as the basis for various makes of laser printer,
including the \s{LaserWriter} and the \s{Laserjet}.

\g{Cap line}
an imaginary line across the top of capital (\s{upper
case}) letters.  The distance from the cap line to the
\s{baseline} is the cap size.

\g{Cap size}
see \s{cap line}.

\g{Caps}
an abbreviation for capital, or \s{upper case} letters.

\g{Caps and small caps}
a style of \s{type} that shows capital letters used in
the normal way, while the remaining letters are set in
capital letters of a slightly smaller size, {sc Like
This}.

\g{Caption}
the short piece of text which describes a photograph or
graphic illustration on a page.

\g{Caret}
marks an indication to the printer of an omission in the
\s{copy}.

\g{Cartridge font}
a physical medium for holding a selection of
\s{typefaces}. It is inserted into a printer (notably
\s{laser printers}) to provide some extra choice of
\s{fonts}. Some \dtp\ packages restrict the fonts only
to those contained in one cartridge, plus any
\s{resident fonts}, whereas others permit
\s{downloading} of additional typefaces.

\g{Case binding}
the hard back binding of books.

\g{Casting-off}
estimating the length of the \s{copy} when it has been
typeset.

%\g{Century Schoolbook}
%a popular \s{serifed typeface} used in magazines and
%books for text setting. It has a large \s{x-height} and
%an open appearance.
%
\g{Character count}
the number of characters, i.e.~letters, numbers, signs
or spaces, in a line of text or piece of \s{copy}.

\g{Close up}
a \s{proof correction mark} to reduce the amount of
space between characters or words.

\g{Collating}
the process of putting the pages of a publication
together in the correct order.

\g{Colour-separated artwork}
in traditional printing, \s{artwork} for use in a
multi-colour publication, where the different colours
have been indicated by using separate \s{overlays} for
each colour. The four basic printing colours are black,
cyan, yellow and magenta. Colour separations are
usually produced by a specialist firm rather than
through software. As an alternative, a few \dtp\ programs
can generate colour output directly, provided the printer
is capable of reproducing the colours.

\g{Column}
a vertical area of running \s{text} on a page. Many
\dtp\ packages use \s{frames} to define the positions of
columns prior to filling with text.

\g{Column rule}
a light vertical rule sometimes used to separate columns
of text.

\g{Compose}
in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, to set \s{copy}
into \s{type}.

\g{Compositor}
in traditional printing, the skilled member of a
\s{typesetting} team who actually lays out the
\s{bromides} in the correct position on a page.

\g{Condensed}
a \s{font} or \s{typeface} style in which the characters
have an elongated appearance, i.e.~very narrow for their
height. 

\g{Continuous tones}
a normal black and white photograph which has continuous
shades of grey, also known as a contone.

\g{Copy}
printing trade jargon for \s{text}, the original written
material which makes up the publication. 

\g{Copyright}
the right of copyright gives protection to the originator
of material to prevent use without express permission or
acknowledgement of the originator.  Often represented by
the symbol \copyright.

\g{CRC}
camera ready copy. See \s{camera-ready}.

\g{Cropping}
cutting off unwanted areas of a photograph or
illustration. The remanining part of the image can then
be resized to fit the space.

\g{Cross head}
a heading set into the \s{body text}, used to break it up
into easily readable sections or sub-sections.

\g{Cursive}
used to describe \s{typefaces} that resemble handwritten
script.

\g{Cut-out}
a \s{tone} that is cut to a specific outline shape, rather
than a rectangle.

\g{Dagger and double dagger}
symbols (\dag\ \ddag) used mainly as reference marks for
footnotes.

\g{Dash}
a short horizontal rule used for punctuation. See
\s{em-dash} and \s{en-dash}.

\g{DDL}
Document Description Language. A \s{page description
language} developed by Imagen and popularised by Hewlett
Packard. Designed for documents rather than pages, and a
rival to \s{PostScript}, although relatively few \dtp\
packages support DDL as yet, preferring to access
Hewlett Packard's popular \s{Laserjet} printers using the
Laserjet's older printer command language PCL.

\g{Descender}
any part of a \s{lower case} letter that extends below
the \s{x-height}, or below the \s{baseline} of the line
of text, as in the g, j, p, q and y.

\g{Desktop Publishing (DTP)}
producing good quality publications in-house using a
system based around a general-purpose personal
computer and a cheap \s{laser printer}. The total
cost for the whole system might typically be around
{\it\$10,000}. Most \dtp\ software aims to emulate
\s{typesetting}, and has borrowed much typsetting
terminology and jargon. The range and detail of features
is far greater in true typesetting, resulting in
published documents of far higher quality. Not all levels
of document require the use of an expensive
\s{typesetter} however, and it is here that \dtp\ comes
into its own. \s{Laser printed} output can be sufficient
in its own right for documents such as  newsletters,
brochures, price lists, reports, manuals, theses and
papers, as well as some books, where the laser printed
pages may be suitable as \s{camera-ready} masters. When
a higher quality is required, many \dtp\ programs will
optionally convert the files for printing on a
typesetter, through a bureau service, or similar.


\g{Design size}
the default size for a particular \s{font} or
\s{typeface} --- the size at which the characters will
produce maximum readability. Some \s{typesetting} and
\dtp\ systems then \s{scale} the fonts to produce other
sizes, whereas others provide a discrete font definition
for each size required.

\g{Digitiser}
a device which converts images such as graphics and
photographs into electronic information which can be
manipulated by a computer. See also \s{scanner}.

\g{Discretionary hyphen}
see \s{soft hyphen}.

\g{Display type}
larger \s{type} used for headings etc. Normally about 18
\s{points} or larger.

\g{Dot for dot}
in printing terminology, a special technique for the
reproduction of photographic material which has already
been \s{screened}.

\g{Dot matrix}
a regular pattern of dots. This term is often used to
refer to \s{impact printers} that, instead of printing
formed characters, print an array of dots. It is
conventionally used to refer to `dot matrix printers'.
\s{Laser printers} and \s{photo-typesetters} also
produce characters by means of dots, but by a different
process that is not impact printing.

\g{Downloadable fonts}
\s{laser printer fonts} stored on disc (usually the
\s{hard disc}, which can be sent to the printer and
stored in the printer's temporary \s{memory} (RAM).
\s{Font} definitions for use with a \dtp\ program are
either stored permanently in the printer as \s{resident}
or \s{ROM} fonts, or else they must be downloaded to the
printer at the beginning of the print \s{job}. This
downloading may be handled automatically by the \dtp\
software. Most \dtp\ software will download just those
fonts needed by a particular document, and then delete
them from memory when the print job is complete.
Others will cache the fonts to minimise font downloading
for subsequent print \s{runs}.

\g{Dots per inch (dpi)}
see \s{resolution}.

\g{DPI}
dots per inch. See \s{resolution}.

\g{Dropped cap (drop cap)}
a large initial letter at the beginning of a paragraph of
text, which extends below that line, overlapping one
or more lines below.

\g{DTP}
see \s{Desktop Publishing}.

\g{Edition}
all of the copies of an issue.

\g{Electronic publishing (EP)}
the usual term for more up-market publishing systems,
with prices starting around {\it\$}25,000.

\g{Embedded codes}
characters placed in the \s{body} of the \s{text} for
controlling the format of the printed output, as used by
\dtp\ software using the \s{markup} approach. An
embedded code can be used to force a change of
\s{font} into \s{italic}, for example, or to indicate
the title of a section.

\g{Em}
a measure of \s{typeface} width.  1~em is usually
equivalent to the chosen \s{point} size, such that 1~em
equals 10 points if using a 10 point font, but alters
to 12 points wide if a 12 point \s{font} is 
selected. The name originates from the upper
case M, which was originally (and frequently still is) as
wide as the point size. Sometimes called a \s{mutton}.

\g{Em-dash}
a dash used in punctuation within a sentence --- 1~em
wide.

\g{En}
half an \s{em}. Sometimes called a \s{nut}.

\g{En-dash}
a dash used to indicate a range of numbers, as in Pages
3--7, and half the width of an \s{em-dash}.

\g{End papers}
the page leaves at the front and end of a book, which are
pasted to the insides of the front and back covers
(boards).

\g{Ex-height}
another spelling for \s{x-height}.

\g{Expanded type}
a \s{typeface} where the characters are slightly wider
than usual in relation to their height, giving a flatter,
squat appearance.

\g{Face}
an abbreviation for \s{typeface}, referring to a \s{font
family} in a given style, as in Helvetica or Times Roman.

\g{Family}
a \s{font} family is another term for a \s{typeface}.

\g{Film}
in \s{typesetting} terminology, a large photographic
record of the \s{camera-ready copy}, used to made a
\s{plate} for printing.

\g{Finishing}
in traditional printing, the various processes which
turn the output of the printing \s{press} into
acceptable publications --- this includes trimming the
paper to the correct size.

\g{Flatpan}
a single sheet of paper with miniature representations
of each page of a publication, including details of the
contents of each page.  Especially used to define the
position of advertisements in commercial publications.

\g{Floating accent}
a diacritical mark which is set separately from the main
character, and is then placed either under or over it,
as in \=m or \d x. Most \dtp\ packages only provide
complete accented characters, such as the more usual \'e
or \`a, such that the accent cannot be divorced from the
character being accented.

\g{Flush left}
\s{copy} aligned along the left margin.

\g{Flush right}
text or \s{copy} aligned along the right margin, giving
right \s{justified} text, which may or may not also be
\s{flush left}.

\g{Folio}
most commonly used to refer to the page number.  May
also include other basic information like the title and
date of the publication etc. In book publishing, a folio
is a page of typescript as sent to a \s{typesetter}.

\g{Font (fount)}
a complete set of characters in a \s{typeface}, in a
particular variant, style and size, such as an italic or
boldface style at 12 \s{point} size. Thus we get the fonts
12 point Helvetica Bold, or 10 point Helvetica Italic,
both having `Helvetica-like' similarities.  Helvetica is
the \s{typeface}, 12 point Helvetica is a \s{type size},
whilst Helvetica Bold is a \s{type style}.

\g{Footer line}
a line of text which is repeated at the bottom of every
page. Also called a \s{running foot}. See also \s{header
line}.

\g{Formatting}
a general term for processing \s{text} to produce page
\s{layouts}, whether in a \s{word processor}, a \dtp\
program, or for \s{typesetting}.

\g{Full measure}
a line of text occupying the complete line length across
a page.

\g{Full point}
a full stop, or period.

\g{Galley (galley proof)}
in traditional typesetting, a column of
\s{typeset} material or \s{bromide}, not cut or positioned
on a page. %the
%printing term for long metal trays used to hold \s{type}
%after \s{setting} and before printing. Now also used to
%refer to the \s{bromide} output from
%\s{photo-typesetters} --- 
To be proofread and checked
before being \s{pasted-up} into pages.

\g{Gothic}
a typeface with no \s{serifs} and broad even strokes.

\g{Greeking}
the process of representing the smaller \s{screen fonts}
merely by black shapes, whilst still retaining an
overall view of the page \s{layout}. Often used within
\dtp\ systems when pages are being displayed at a
reduced size, such as in a two page \s{spread}.

\g{Grid}
a systematic division of a page into areas to enable
designers to \s{layout} pages into columns etc, showing
the position of text and illustrations. The \s{frames}
used by many \dtp\ packages follows this principle.

\g{GSM}
grammes per square metre, used to express paper weight.

\g{Gutters}
the width of the space between columns, or alternatively,
the central blank area between facing pages.

\g{Hard disc}
almost essential for any serious \dtp\ work,
particularly if \s{memory}-hungry garphics or scanned
images are being included.

\g{Hairline}
the thinnest rule that can be printed.

\g{Hairlines}
the thinnest of the strokes in the characters of a
\s{typeface}.

\g{Half-tone}
an illustration, such as from a photograph, reproduced
by breaking down the original continuous tone into a
pattern of dots of varying sizes. Light areas have small
dots, and darker areas or shadows have larger dots, or
denser agglomerations of small dots. This can
be done through use of a \s{scanner}, which creates a dot
structure, giving different shades of grey, or \s{grey
scales}.

\g{Hanging indent}
\s{text} where the left edge of each line starts further
to the right, or indented from the left margin.

\g{Hanging punctuation}
punctuation that is allowed to fall outside the margins
instead of staying within the \s{measure} of the text.

\g{Head}
the margin at the top of a page, within which the
\s{header line} is positioned.

\g{Header line}
a line of text which is repeated at the top of every
page, containing information such as the document title.
Also called a \s{running head}. The headline could
include the page number (\s{folio}), and some
\dtp\ packages will allow alternate header lines to
automatically be printed on odd and even page numbers (see
\s{recto} and \s{verso}).

\g{Headline}
lines of large or \s{displayed type}, such as to draw
attention to the title of an article.

\g{Helvetica}
a \s{sans serif typeface}. A variant of this is frequently
provided within \dtp\ packages under the name `Swiss'.

\g{House style}
the basic rules covering the \s{layout} and style of
documents within an organisation, providing a consistent
image, or corporate style. Many \dtp\ packages provide
`style sheets' which may be applied to a series of
documents, such that the contents are always formatted
in a consistent way. The content of the documents (as
provided by the author) can be separated from their
appearance (as designed in the document style).

\g{Hyphenation}
the splitting of a word into two parts, on two
consecutive lines of text, and the insertion of a short
dash or hyphen. This helps produce \s{justified} lines
of equal length, without stretching or squeezing the
inter-word (or inter-character) spacing too much. Some
\dtp\ packages will hyphenate automatically, using
either an inbuilt dictionary of acceptable hyphenation
points, or alternatively, a hyphenation algorithm.

\g{IBM}
a latecomer to the \dtp\ market, but there are now a
multitude of packages supplied by third-party vendors,
running on the AT, XT and PC.

\g{Icons}
Images used on \s{screen} to represent many of the
commands and functions available within a \dtp\
packages. A particular icon is selected using a
\s{mouse}, within a  \s{wimp} environment.

\g{Impact printer}
a printer in which the printing head hits against the
paper to create the printed text, such as a dot matrix or
daisy wheel printer.

\g{Imposition}
the arrangement of the pages on a printing machine.

\g{Imprint}
the name and place of the publisher and printer required
by law if a publication is to be published.  Sometimes
accompanied by codes indicating the quantity printed,
month\slash year of printing, and an international
control number (see \s{ISBN}).

\g{Ink jet printer}
a printer which breaks up a stream of ink into
electrostatically charged droplets which can be deflected
either to print or not, in order to create an image on
the printing surface. Images are built up as a series of
dots. 

\g{Interface}
a link or boundary between two different types of
equipment or systems or channels of communication, such
as between a computer and a printer.

\g{Interpress}
a \s{page description language} developed by Xerox.

\g{ISBN}
International Standard Book Number. A reference number
given to every published work. Usually found on the back
of the title page.

\g{Issue}
a single copy of a publication produced on a particular
date.

\g{Italic}
a \s{type} or \s{font} with sloping, maybe cursive,
letters. 

\g{Job}
the printing of an \s{edition}.

\g{Justification} 
the alignment of lines of text along a margin or both
margins. Frequently applied to text where
both margins are straight.  It is achieved by adjusting
the spacing between the words and characters as necessary
so that each line of text finishes at the same point
(except where a paragraph ends). Words may also be
\s{hyphenated} as necessary.

\g{Kerning}
the adjustment of spacing between certain character
pairs, as between A and V to produce AV, rather than
A{}V. This produces a more even text spacing, making it
more pleasing and easier to read. Not all \dtp\ packages
can achieve this, and some only allow {\it manual}
kerning, rather than the character pairs having been
already set up to kern automatically.

\g{Keyline}
a narrow line drawn on a \s{camera-ready} copy to show
the position of a photograph which needs adding.

\g{Landscape}
work in which the width of the page is greater than its
height, as in tables which may need to be printed
`sideways on' to fit on the page. The opposite of
\s{portrait}.

\g{Laserjet}
the model name for Hewlett Packard's strong selling
\s{laser printer}. The most commonly supported laser
printer within \dtp\ packages, along with \s{PostScript}
devices.

\g{Laser printer}
a key component of a good \dtp\ system --- it
uses laser technology to give sophisticated output in
a variety of \s{font} sizes and styles along with
\g{graphic} elements and rules. They
provide a cheap alternative to \s{typesetters}, printing
at a lower \s{resolution} --- usually at 300 dpi, although
newer models can manage 400 or 600 dpi. The \dtp\
software will convert a file for printing on a particular
make of laser printer through use of some conversion
software known as a \s{printer driver}.

\g{LaserWriter}
Apple's \s{laser printer}, using the \s{PostScript page
description language}.

\g{Layout}
the design of a page, including the positioning of all
\s{text}, \s{columns}, \s{graphics}, \s{artwork},
\s{headlines}, \s{rules} etc.

\g{Leading (lead)}
the vertical space between the \s{baselines} of
consecutive lines of text, usually larger than the
\s{point} size of the \s{typeface}, so that
the \s{descenders} of letters on one line do not
touch the \s{ascenders} of the next.
Such as a 10~point \s{font}, using 12~points of leading,
referred to as 10 on 12, or 10/12, giving 2 extra points
of space between consecutive lines. Named after the
strips of lead which used to be inserted between lines of
metal type to increase legibility.

\g{Leader}
a line\hbox to 1truein{\dotfill}made up of dots to join
up separated text.

\g{Letterspacing}
the addition of space between the letters of words to
help increase the line length to a required width, or to
improve the appearance of a line. Not all \dtp\ packages
support this feature. See also \s{tracking}.

\g{Ligatures}
letters which are joined together as a single unit of
type, such as \oe\ or fi or ffl.

\g{Lightface}
\s{type} having finer strokes than the medium \s{font}
in a \s{typeface}.

\g{Literal}
a spelling mistake in \s{typeset copy}, often used to
refer to occasions when two characters in a word are
transposed. See \s{typo}.

\g{Litho}
see \s{offset litho}.

\g{Logo}
short for logotype. A word or combination of letters set
as a single unit.  Also used to denote a specially
styled company name designed as part of a corporate
image.

\g{Lower case}
the small letters of the alphabet, like a, b, c etc.

\g{Macro}
a stored set of commands, control sequences or
definitions that may be substituted for a shorter macro
name when the name is inserted into the \dtp\ program.
Frequently occurring series of commands can therefore be
abbreviated to a single name, and the expansion handled
automatically when the text is formatted.  This useful
feature is more common in the \dtp\ systems that have
adopted the \s{markup} approach, rather than \s{wysiwyg}.

\g{Make-up}
in traditional printing, the act of manually composing a
page by a \s{compositor}. In \dtp, the act of using a
program to design pages, plus the assembly of blocks of
text, headings and illustrative material into pages with
headlines, folios, columns etc. 

\g{Margins}
the non-printing areas around the edges of the page.
The top and bottom margins may however contain a
\s{headline} or \s{footline}.

\g{Markup}
in traditional \s{typesetting}, the bare \s{manuscript} or
printed text annotated with handwritten instructions
setting out in detail all the typesetting
instructions.  Markup also refers to the approach
adopted by some \dtp\ or typesetting systems, where
\s{typographical} commands are \s{embedded} within the
text to control the \s{formatting}.  These instructions
would be carried out at a later stage, when the marked up
text is processed through the relevant text formatting
software. Generally this approach offers greater control
over document structuring, page \s{layouts} and
typographical details than is possible with \s{wysiwyg}
style \dtp\ software. \dtp\ packages that have adopted
the mark up route include PC$\,$\TeX, \TeX tures and Just
Text.

\g{Masking}
indicating unwanted areas of photographs, which will be
cut or \s{cropped}.

\g{Master}
the original of a page, which will be used to generate
multiple copies, as in \s{camera-ready} master.

\g{Masthead}
the main title of a publication set on the front.

\g{Measure}
denotes the line width to be used when \s{setting} text,
often expressed in \s{picas}.

\g{Memory}
the part of a computer's memory (\s{RAM})
that stores information temporarily while you are
working on it from within the \dtp\ program.
The number of text pages that can be produced
by a \dtp\ program may depend on the
available memory. Others are only limited by
available \s{disc} space. \s{Graphics} and \s{scanned}
images in particular require large amounts of memory,
both within the computer and in the printer, as well as
large amounts of disc space.

\g{Menu}
a list of options displayed on \s{screen},
frequently accessed via a \s{mouse}, as in the \s{wimp}
environment, with \s{pull-down menus}. The user selects an
action to be performed either by typing a letter or
positioning the cursor, or highlighting the option
with the \s{mouse}.

\g{Metrics}
the dimensions of \s{fonts}, such as the height and
depth of characters, and possibly other
numerical information about the font, such as
\s{kerning} and \s{ligatures}.

\g{Microns}
an expression of the thickness of board.

\g{Modern}
refers to \s{typestyles} introduced towards the end of
the 19th century. Times Roman is a good example.

\g{Monitor}
a computer \s{screen} or visual display unit (VDU).

\g{Monospaced}
a \s{font} in which all characters occupy the same amount
of horizontal width, {\tt such as this type here}. Such fonts are often referrred to by
their \s{pitch}, as in 10~pitch, meaning 10 characters to
the inch horizontally. An example is Courier, which is a
10 pitch font. See also \s{proportional}.

\g{Mouse}
a moveable device used to control the positioning
of a cursor on a computer
\s{monitor} or \s{screen}, such as to access
\s{pull-down menus}, or to highlight chunks of \s{text}
for manipulation. Part of the \s{wimp} environment used by
many \dtp\ packages and essential for most \dtp\ work.

\s{Mutton}
another name for an \s{em}.

\g{Negative}
a term borrowed straight from photography.The film used to
photograph \s{artwork} or \s{camera-ready copy} before
making a printing \s{plate}.

\g{Nut}
another name for an \s{en}.

\g{Octavo}
one of the standard sizes of books.

\g{Offset litho}
the most popular print process. A litho plate is produced
by making a negative \s{film} image of the page of
\s{artwork}. The image is then etched into the
\s{plate} and ink applied. The paper is then inked by
a second, offset, roller.

\g{Orphan}
a line of type at the end of a paragraph, left
stranded on a line of its own at the top of a column or
page. Some \dtp\ programs will avoid these automatically.

\g{Outline}
a \s{typeface} in which the characters are formed with
only the outline defined, rather than from solid strokes.

\g{Overlay}
the piece of tracing paper placed over photographs for
cropping and sizing.

\g{Overmatter}
the material left over after a page or publication is
filled. Some \dtp\ programs can avoid overmatter, either
by adjusting the existing page \s{layouts}, or by
automatically creating additional pages. 

\g{Page description language (pdl)}
a sophisticated form of \s{printer driver}. Essentially,
a software program to convert files for printing on a
particular type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}.
The most well known pdl is \s{PostScript} which is
understood by a range of laser printers as well as some
typesetters. Others are \s{DDL} and \s{Interpress}.

\g{Page printer}
a kind of printer similar to a photocopier where entire
pages are printed at once, not line by line. The most
common are \s{laser printers}, although LED and ion
deposition techniques are also used. The opposite to an
\s{impact printer} such as a \s{dot matrix} or
daisywheel.

\g{Page proofs}
the stage following galley proofs in the typesetting
process, in which pages are made up (see \s{make up}),
and \s{paginated}.

\g{Pagination}
the numbering of pages in a book, frequently done as a
separate later stage in more traditional typesetting.
\dtp\ systems tend to incorporate pagination in with the
page \s{make up}.

\g{Paste up}
in traditional publishing, the various elements of a
\s{layout} mounted in position to form \s{camera-ready
artwork}. The \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems have incorporated
this stage as the on-\s{screen} page \s{make up},
prior to printing out onto a \s{laser printer}.

\g{PDL}
see \s{page description language}.

\g{Perfect binding}
a common method of binding paperback books and some
large magazines. After the printed sections have been
\s{collated}, the spines will be ground off and the cover
glued on.

\g{Period}
see \s{full point}.

\g{Photo-digitiser}
see \s{digitiser}.

\g{Photo-typesetter (photo-setter)}
see \s{typesetter}.

\g{Pic}
a photograph.

\g{Pica}
a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12
\s{points} to a pica, and 6 picas to an inch.

\g{Pi fonts}
characters not usually included in a \s{font}, but which
are added specially, such as mathematical symbols.

\g{Plate}
a perfect impression of \s{camera-ready copy} from which
actual copies of a publication are printed on a printing
\s{press}.

\g{Point}
the standard unit of \s{typesize}.There are exactly
72.27~points to an inch, although many systems assume
72~points to the inch.  A \s{typeface} is typically
defined by its pointsize, such as 10 point Times Roman,
or 12 point Helvetica. A \s{typeface} or \s{font} is
measured from the top of the highest \s{ascender} to the
bottom of the lowest \s{descender}. 

\g{Portrait}
an upright image or page, where the height is greater
than the width. The opposite of \s{landscape}.

\g{Positive}
an alternative method to \s{negative} film.

\g{PostScript}
a \s{page description language}
developed by Adobe Systems, Inc. for describing graphics
output. The PostScript language is independent of the
\s{resolution} of the output deviceand is understood by a
range of PostScript compatible \s{laser printers}  as well
as some \s{typesetters} like the Linotron 300. 
 Most \dtp\ software includes a \s{driver
program} to convert the on-\s{screen} page \s{layout} for
printing on any PostScript device. Many \s{fonts} are
available in PostScript format, and
PostScript permits clever effects, such as rotating and
skewing of graphic images.

\g{Print engine}
the essential part of a \s{page printer} which performs
the physical task of printing a page. The number of
different print engines is very much lower than the
number of brand names of printers.  It is distinct from
a \s{raster} image processor (\s{RIP}), which creates an
image then controls the printing process.

\g{Printer driver}
software within the \dtp\ program that converts the page
\s{layout} codes into those understood by a particular
type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}. It
is important to ensure that the \dtp\ software
includes a driver program to work with your
chosen printer. The most
commonly supported \s{printers} include Hewlett Packard's
Laserjet series of printers, and all \s{PostScript}
devices.

\g{Proof}
a photocopy of a \s{typeset} page \s{layout} for
correction and approval. In \dtp, a publication could be
draft proofed onto a \s{laser printer} prior to being
sent to a \s{typesetter}. Laser printer output could
instead be used directly as \s{camera-ready copy},
provided the \s{resolution} meets printing requirements.

\g{Proof correction marks}
a standard set of signs and symbols manually inserted
in the preparation of text for typesetting, and to
indicate corrections on \s{proofs}. Marks are placed both
in the text and in the margin.

\g{Proportional spacing}
a method of spacing whereby each character is spaced to
accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so
increasing readability. A letter m for example, would
occupy more space than a narrower i or j. Most
\dtp\ packages assume the use of proportionally spaced
\s{fonts}, although a \s{monospaced} {\tt typewriter
style} font is usually also available.

\g{Pull-down menus}
see \s{menus}.

\g{Quadding (quads)}
the addition of space to fill out a line of text, using
\s{em} or \s{en} sized blocks.

\g{Quarto}
a standard book size.

\g{Quotes}
``quotation marks'', or a small piece of \s{text} taken
out of the \s{body copy} and set in \s{display type} to
add emphasis or break up a page.

\g{Ragged (ragged edge)}
non-\s{aligned} text where lines end at different places
in the right-hand margin (ragged right), or left-hand
margin (ragged left). See also \s{ranged left/right}.

\g{RAM}
Random Access Memory. See \s{memory}.

\g{RAM cache}
some \dtp\ programs permit you to use part of the
computer's \s{RAM} as if it were a temporary disc --- it
can be used to store documents, but its contents will be
lost when the computer is powered off.

\g{Ranged left/right}
Another term for \s{ragged}, or non-\s{justified} text, 
where successive lines of type  are
aligned at either the right or left hand side of the page.

\g{Raster}
a regular array of dots or lines. Raster image
\s{fonts}, for example, are not formed characters, but
are drawn as a pattern of dots, as in most \s{laser
printers} and \s{typesetters}. Most  have a raster image
processor (RIP), which
interprets software instructions in order to construct
an image for printing.

\g{Recto}
the right hand page of a two page \s{spread}. See also
\s{verso}.

\g{Reference marks}
symbols used in text to direct the reader to a footnote,
or similar reference. Examples include the asterisk (*),
dagger (\dag), double dagger (\ddag), section mark (\S)
and paragraph mark (\P).

\g{Register}
the correct positioning of an image especially when
printing one colour on another, using illustrations
generated from \s{colour separated artwork}. `Out of
register' printing has multi-colour shadows around the
edges, and no true colour in the middle of the picture.

\g{Resolution}
the definition of display capability often described in
terms of pixels on the \s{screen} or \s{dots per inch}
(dpi) on the printed page. \s{Laser printers} generally
have a resolution of 300 dpi, whereas \s{typesetters}
have a minimum of 1000 dpi, resulting in higher quality
output. See also \s{screen fonts} and \s{camera-ready}.

\g{Reversal (reverse out)}
an image with white lettering or
illustrations on a black background. Sometimes known as a
`WOB' (white on black).

\g{RIP}
see \s{raster}.

\g{River}
a line of white space running downwards within a
\s{column} or page of \s{text}. Caused by poor
\s{justification}, a lack of \s{hyphenation}, or the use
of too large a \s{type size} for the column width.

\g{Roman}
the basic style of \s{type} --- a \s{font} which has
vertical stems as distinct from \s{italics} or oblique
which are set at angles.

\g{Run}
the number of copies a printer is required to produce.

\g{Run around}
\s{text} which flows around the shape of a \s{graphic}
or picture. Most \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ packages include this
feature.

\g{Run on}
extra copies required from a printer after the \s{run}
is complete.

\g{Running foot}
another name for a \s{footer line}.

\g{Running on}
starting a paragraph immediately after the previous one
with no break.

\g{Running head}
another term for a \s{header line}.

\g{Saddle stitching}
a method of binding where the folded pages are stitched
through the spine from the outside, using wire staples.
Usually limited to 64 pages size.

\g{Same size (s/s)}
where \s{graphics} do not require \s{scaling}.

\g{Sans serif}
a \s{typeface} that has only straight edges, with no
\s{serifs}, such as Helvetica.

\g{Scaling}
resizing a \s{graphic} image --- reducing or enlarging it
to fit a space in the page layout without losing any of
the image, i.e.~ no \s{cropping}. Also refers to the
process of obtaining additional \s{font} sizes, based on
an original \s{design size} for the font.

\g{Scanner}
a machine similar to a \s{digitiser} which can turn
images on paper into electronic information for use in
\dtp\ programs. It is the normal means of introducing
\s{artwork}, photos or \s{logos} into a document. The main
varieties are flatbed or roller fed scanners, and quality
depends on the number of grey scales they can use.
Scanners require a lot of \s{memory} in the computer and
printer, as well as \s{hard disc} space --- an \s{A4}
size image at 300 dpi \s{resolution} can take 1MB.

%\g{Schoolbook}
%see \s{Century Schoolbook}.
%
\g{Screen}
in traditional printing, a device which breaks up
\s{continuous tones} into a series of black and white
dots (see \s{screening}). In \dtp, the monitor
or VDU used for the input and design of page \s{layouts},
and page \s{make up}, and display of a representation
of the finished pages using \s{screen fonts}. The
\s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems tend to use a \s{wimp}
environment, whereas \s{markup} systems usually include a
screen \s{preview} of the layouts.

\g{Screen font}
a \s{font} intended for display on a  computer
\s{screen}.  These fonts tend to be at a lower
\s{resolution} than the printed version, due to
limitations in the display hardware.

\g{Screening}
a process of turning \s{continuous tones} in an image
such as a photograph, into \s{half-tones}. A \s{scanner}
provides one means of screening photographs and line art
for inclusion in the page \s{layout}.

\g{Serif}
a small curved cross stroke at the
end of the main stroke of the letter. \s{Typefaces}
which are serifed include Times Roman and Garamond.

\g{Set}
to  \s{typeset} a document. Also used within \dtp\ to
refer to the formatting of pages, irrespective of
whether they are to be typeset on a \s{typesetter}, or
just \s{laser printed}.

\g{Set solid}
text set without \s{leading} (line
spacing) between the lines, such as a 10 point \s{font}
on 10 point leading (10 on 10).

\g{Sheet fed}
a type of printer used for small print \s{runs} where
single sheets of paper are fed through one at a time.

\g{Side heading}
a subheading set flush into the text at the left edge.

\g{Signature}
groups of pages which are then joined together in
\s{binding}.

\g{Size up}
to increase text by an increment of 1~point.

\g{Sizing}
working out the reduction or enlargement of a graphic or
photograph for inclusion on a page. See also \s{scaling}.

\g{Small Caps}
see \s{Caps and small caps}.

\g{Soft hyphen}
also called a discretionary hyphen. A specially coded
hyphen which is only displayed when formatting requires
the word to be split at the end of a line.

\g{Solid}
rules, lines or bars. Also used to describe text which
has no \s{leading} (see \s{set solid}).

\g{Solid setting}
see \s{Set solid}.

\g{Spread}
two facing pages (\s{recto} and \s{verso}) which can be
viewed together on \s{screen} in a \dtp\ system. To
acieve this on a normal size screen, the smaller sizes
of \s{fonts} may be \s{greeked}. It is important to get
the design of spreads correct since they will be viewed
simultaneously by readers.

\g{Spot colour}
the ability to place a tint or colour on a page, such as
for a box or a heading. Much cheaper than using full
colour.

\g{Squared up}
tones which are to be reproduced in square or rectangular
shapes.

\g{Stem}
the main vertical stroke making up a \s{type} character.

\g{Stories}
individual articles for inclusion in a publication.

\g{Strap}
a sub-heading used above the main headline in a
newspaper article.

\g{Sub-editing}
checking \s{copy} for \s{house style}, grammar,
spelling, accuracy and so on.

\g{Subscript (or inferior)}
the small characters set below the normal letters or
numbers, as in H$_2$0.

\g{Superscript (also superior)}
the small characters set above the normal letters or
numbers, such as $E=mc^2$.

\g{Tabloid}
a standard newspaper size. In \dtp\ terminology this is
taken to be A3 size, although most \s{laser printers}
can only print onto \s{A4} paper.

\g{\TeX}
a document formatting system adopting the \s{markup}
approach, which runs on a wide variety of computer
systems. Many versions also support \s{screen preview}.
It is a \s{typesetting} system, printing
out onto a range of \s{laser printers} and
\s{typesetters}, as is especially suited to the
production of high quality mathematical, scientific and
technical texts.

\g{Text}
also called \s{copy}. Words or characters without
reference to the \s{font} and \s{typeface} in which they
will eventually appear when \s{typeset}, or \s{laser
printed}. The \dtp\ software will determine the font and
typeface to use. Also used to refer to the
written or printed material which forms the main \s{body}
of a publication.

\g{Text type}
\s{typefaces} used for the main text of written
material. Generally no larger than 14 \s{point} in size.

\g{Thin space}
the thinnest space normally used to separate words.

\g{Thumbnails}
like a \s{flatpan} but can include a basic design for
each page.

\g{Times Roman}
a \s{serifed typeface}, very widely used in
\s{typesetting} and \dtp\ work. Variants of this
typeface may be referred to as `Dutch'.

\g{Tints}
creating various degrees of shading from one colour by
altering the size or density of dots in the
background.

\g{Type}
printed or \s{typeset} characters.

\g{Typeface}
in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, the raised
surface carrying the image of a \s{type} character
cast in metal. Also used to refer to  a complete set of
\s{font} styles. Examples of typefaces
include Helvetica, Garamond, or Times Roman.  Within each
typeface are a range of font styles, such as
Helvetica Bold, Helvetica Italic etc. A set of
visually related typefaces with differing
styles is also called a family of typefaces, or
\s{font family}. Some \dtp\ packages confuse typefaces
with fonts.

\g{Typesetting}
the process whereby \s{text} or \s{copy} is turned
into high quality output comprised of one or more
\s{typefaces} using a \s{typesetter} machine which
photographs onto \s{bromide}. \s{Graphics} may be
included at this stage, or alternately the \s{artwork
pasted in} afterwards. Some \dtp\ packages will allow you
to convert files for printing on a typesetter as opposed
to a \s{laser printer}, particularly those using the
\s{postScript} language.

\g{Typesetter}
a printing machine that \s{sets type} by a photographic
process, or on to photographic film (\s{bromide}). It
allows for a high \s{resolution} of at least 1000 dots per
inch, producing very high quality \s{typeset} output.

\g{Typo}
an abbreviation for a typographical error --- an error
in the \s{typeset copy}. Sometimes also called a
\s{literal}.

\g{Upper case}
the capital letters in the alphabet, like A, B, C etc.

\g{Verso}
the left hand page of a two page \s{spread}. The opposit
page is \s{recto}.

\g{Visual}
a rough idea, or sketch of what the finished work will look
like.

\g{Web fed}
a type of printing \s{press} which accepts paper from a
large roll.

\g{Weight}
the degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or
\s{font}.

\g{Widow}
the first line of a new paragraph, left stranded at the
bottom of a page.

\g{WIMP}
\s{windows}, \s{icons}, \s{mouse} and \s{pull-down
menus}. An `easy to use' working environment
incorporated into most \dtp\ systems, particularly the
\s{wysiwyg} variety. Text and graphics are highlighted
and manipulated on \s{screen} by using the mouse pointer,
and commands to control \s{formatting} are chosen from
selected iconographic images and/or pull-down menus.
Separate displays may be overlaid on the same screen by
use of windowing.

\g{Windowing}
the facility to have more than one progarm or display
visible on \s{screen} at the same time. Many
\dtp\ packages incorporate some form of
windowing, such as Digital Research's GEM or Microsoft
Windows on the IBM-PC. The Macintosh incorporates
windowing as standard.

\g{WOB}
see \s{reversal}.

\g{Word processor}
software used to generate \s{text} prior to reading the
word processor file into the \dtp\ package. Most \dtp\
software only has very limited text \s{editing}
facilities, so that the bulk of text creation should
first be done in a word processor or editor program. Many
\dtp\ packages will accept files in a variety of word
processor formats, although generally only the
word processor's \s{font} change commands will be
retained. Any page \s{layouts} must then be reinstated
using commands from within the \dtp\ software. Some
\dtp\ packages will however allow \dtp\ commands to be
embedded within the text in the word processor, to be
automatically converted when the file is read into the
\dtp\ program.

\g{WYSIWYG}
What You See (on the \s{screen}) Is (more or less) What
You Get (on the paper).

\g{X-height}
the height of a letter excluding the \s{ascenders} and
\s{descenders}, such as the height of an x.

\bye
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